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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AJPHR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2321-3647</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJPHR212012</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Establishment of Model of Visceral Pain due to Descending Colonal Distenstion and its Behavioural and Neuroendocrinial Assessmment before and after mGluR1 Antagonist (L-AP3) in sheep</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kania</surname>
            <given-names>Bogdan F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wrońska</surname>
            <given-names>Danuta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gralak</surname>
            <given-names>Mikołaj A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">University Veterinary Medicine JU-AU Center, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Hugon Kollataj University of Agriculture in, Cracow, Poland</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Biology, Hugon Kollataj University of Agriculture in Krakow, Cracow, Poland</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2014-12-01">
        <month>12</month>
        <day>01</day>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <abstract>
        <p>The present study examined contribution of mGluRs to the development and maintenance of changes in behavioural and clinical symptoms, blood concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines during visceral pain produced by descsending colonal distension (CD). Experiments were carried out in fourth stages (each of six sheep). Every experiment was performed simultaneously on two unfed animals, which were placed in two individual metabolic cages at one week intervals. Blood was collected 30 min prior to the experiment, at 0 time, and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of the mGluR1 antagonist: L-2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3, 0.2, 0.4 and/or 0.8 mg in toto), 10 min before, blocked the development of visceral pain symptoms and neuroendocrine changes in the plasma of sheep. This data demonstrated that the development and maintenance of the visceral pain symptoms of CD is dependent on activation of mGluR1 in central nervous system (CNS) and that these receptors play a crucial role in modulating acute jejunal (colic) experimental pain It can be concluded that the mGluR1 antagonists prevent behavioural, clinical and neuroendocrine symptoms of visceral pain. They can be possibly used in cases of acute visceral pain, especially, in combination with opioid agonists. Their simultaneous administration allows to minimise dose of opioids and slows down dynamics of the development of tolerance. This knowledge can be also useful in paliative medicine.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>L-AP3 (L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid)</kwd>
        <kwd>Descending Colonal Distension</kwd>
        <kwd>Catecholamines</kwd>
        <kwd>Cortisol</kwd>
        <kwd>Sheep</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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