Arish Mohammad Khan Sherwani

The study was designed with the objective to find the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors among senior citizens. This hospital based, cross sectional study was conducted among 250 elderly aged 60 years and above, including senior citizens of either sex, newly diagnosed and known cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus attending community medicine and geriatric OPDs of NIUM hospital, Bengaluru during stipulated period of study. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors were assessed. Survey data has been processed and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 for windows. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was found 45.6% as a whole. The highest and lowest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus found among 60-65 years and above 75 years, respectively. Prevalence among Males was 30% and Females was 15.6%. Mean ± SD of FBS and PPBS of type 2 DM were observed as 162.27 + 75.18 and 257.11 + 91.95, respectively. Higher prevalence of type 2 DM patients were found among BMI above 25 kg/m2. 38.8% of prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed among central obese senior citizens. 26% of higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed among patients had positive family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results confirmed an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among senior citizens. Higher prevalence of type 2 DM was exhibited among senior citizens those were having obesity, overweight, hypertension and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Newly screened cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus showed paramount importance of extension of screening programme in elderly.

Neck pain become a public health problem, its accelerating prevalence and  devastating side effect is exerting substantial load on national’s wealth; because its impact is more on productive population (adult working age people). Although it was a hospital based observational study; done for the intervention purpose. But here in this paper we are just mentioning its cross sectional perspective. Hence this study was carried out on patients attended NIUM hospital with a complaint of Neck pain. After getting ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) patients were included in study. This study stretched from January 2011 to May 2011. A total 50 patients were admitted in the study; age group ranging from 20 to 59 years. In present study sample, patients from 20 years to 59 years were included and the 50 patients were distributed according to age with a class interval of 10 into four groups i.e., 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59. Patients diagnosed with neck pain were included into the study. Maximum prevalence of neck pain was found in age group 30-39 years followed by 20-29, 40-49 and 50-59 years age group. Although it was a less sample study, but it shows prevalence of neck pain is more in younger age peoples (3rd to 4th decade of life); which is a new shift in prevalence of neck pain bearing with age.

Historical evidences prove that the success and failure of civilization depends upon its distance from the water resources. Those which lies near the rivers and sea cost flourishes well. Examples are Mesopotamian civilization (Euphrates & Nile river), Indian valley civilization (river Ganga) etc. Right from the human evolution better say evolution of life, water is the primary and vital need for the existence of life. As the civilization advances, the thrust to get the pure water become more vigorous. Water is necessary for many house hold purposes like agriculture, food production, drinking, washing and preparing many household items and many more. We use streams, rivers, ponds as well as ground water reservoirs as source of water. But these sources aren’t always clean. Since ancient times, the need of pure water resulted in the development of water purification methods. Initially they didn’t know the microbes, but the visual impurities. So mainly they used to purify the water from visual pollutants. Various plants like Amla and Khus etc., were used to purify the water. Here in this paper authors describe the different methods of purification of water mentioned in ancient unani literature in addition with methods to neutralize the ill effect of contaminated water if consumed.