Godugu Karunakar

This article deals with cyclodextrin (CD) based functional rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes for drug delivery. First, we present an overview of polyrotaxane preparations for biomaterials applications. Then we bring to light the studies and strategies implied for augmented drug delivery using CD-based polyrotaxanes. The concept for enhancing multivalent interaction of a ligand-mobile polyrotaxane with receptor proteins; which is significantly related to receptor-mediated drug delivery and the efficiency of ligand-conjugated polyrotaxanes is also demonstrated in the design of inhibitors which are recognized by intestinal transporters in mammalian tissues but neither absorbed into the tissue nor exhibiting any toxicity. This concept is of more practical applications, the studies on cytocleavable polyrotaxanes for gene delivery is the modern therapy. The dynamic motion of polyrotaxanes would contribute significantly to forming a polyplex with DNA to be delivered into target cells. Moreover, dissociating the polyrotaxane structure in intracellular environments is an effective way to release DNA for transfection at the nucleus. Furthermore, polyrotaxanes are also useful in manifestation of Niemann-pick type C disease. In present article, efforts have been taken with the intention to get thorough information of polyrotaxanes conjugation with drug/ligands along with a comprehensive review of diverse approaches adopted for drug delivery till date.

The restricted barrier properties of the upmost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC) impose significant limitations for eminent systemic delivery of a broad vary of therapeutic molecules, significantly macromolecules and genetic material. Microneedle delivery has been projected as a method to interrupt the SC barrier perform so as to facilitate effective transport of molecules across the skin. Microneedles are used for the dermal and transdermic delivery of a broad vary of medicine, like tiny relative molecular mass medication, oligonucleotides, DNA, peptides, proteins and inactivated viruses. This strategy involves the employment of metric linear unit sized needles fictitious from completely different materials and victimisation different geometries to make transient binary compound pores across the skin. Following a quick introduction regarding microneedles and its history, this review describes completely different fabrication ways for solid, coated, dissolving and hollow microneedles similarly as their applications and conjointly focuses on recent and potential future developments in microneedle technologies. this can embrace the particularization of progress created in microneedle style, a research of the challenges moon-faced during this field and potential forward methods to embrace the exploitation of microneedle methodologies, whereas considering the inherent safety aspects of such therapeutic tools. Finally, we have a tendency to offer our read on analysis and development that's required to render microneedles as novel dermal drug delivery technologies clinically helpful within the close to future.