Chandan Kumar

Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa, related with different gastro-duodenal diseases and the clinical outcome linked to these diseases has been associated with pathogen virulence genes and their polymorphism. The aim of the study is to detect Helicobacter pyloricagA gene and to investigate the distribution of their genotypes in the patients with gastroduodenal symptoms. Total 51 patients were enrolled in the study on the basis of clinical and endoscopic findings. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to the endoscopic procedure and collection of gastric biopsy specimens. Histopathological examination was done for detection of H. pylori in tissue specimens. The H. pylori histopathology positive specimens are considered as Helicobacter pylori positive and PCR were done for cagA detection and the positive specimens further tested by RFLP to detect the cagA polymorphism. Among the histopathology positive H. pylori cases 90% were positive for cagA gene by PCR and almost 100% cagA were β genotype by PCR-RFLP. No α genotype of cagA was found. Mean age of the patients were 46.9 ± 14.2 years starting from 22to 76 years. Out of 51 patients 39(76.47%) were male and 23.52% were female. According to the age group distribution, 22 (43.13%) were in 41-60 years age group and 39.21%and 17.64% were in 20-40 years and 61-80 years age group respectively. Among the 09 cagA positive cases 55.6% are in the 41-60 years age group and most (66.6%) of the cagA positive cases found in male patients. Significant percentage (33.3 and 50) of cagA was found among the patients suffering from melena and hematemesis. The result of the present study by PCR-RFLP pattern analysis revealed only β genotype for H. pylori cagA positive strains, which were typical genotypes in strains from Western countries. Therefore, it seems that the evaluation of genetic diversity in H. pylori-associated cagA gene can be attributable to the colonial relationship and epidemiology of H. pylori in defined population.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world which can cause considerable morbidity and a significant mortality.  Hence it is important to find out the different molecular diagnostic marker which can be use for early detection as well as treatment of patient with bronchial asthma.  GST biomarkers is likely become important not only as risk factors in the pathogenesis of asthma but also as determinants of responsiveness to treatment. This review represents the evidence reported  the association between gene polymorphism of glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1 gene and bronchial asthma. The data of Indian scenario demonstrate that the Polymorphism of Glutathione-s-transferase gene GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 is not significantly associated with Bronchial asthma in northern Indian population due to low sample size.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death accounting for 30% of all cancer-related deaths. The majority of lung cancer cases (80–90%) are due to smoking. Tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants have been recognized as risk factors for more than 80–90% of cancer incidence in men. It has been reported that DNA methylation play important role in lung carcinogenesis . Several biomarkers from various sources such as genetics, proteomics, and epigenetic approaches are in use for clinical research purposes. DNA methylation analysis is one of the valuable source for cancer biomarkers. Since current diagnostic tools are either too costly or not sensitive enough to allow for early detection. Hence there is an urgent need of major technological advances in molecular oncology for the early detection of disease because early detection of lung cancer can change the outcome of disease.  This review summarizes current therapeutic knowledge in lung cancer, and recent advances in therapeutic strategies.