Sadhana R. Shahi

ABSTRACTThe oral route is a strategy that has been in use for many years. Although it is the most popular and widely used method for giving drugs to people orally, various restrictions, such as drug absorption or drug targeting to a specific 1organ, might make it difficult to administer... To address these issues as well as to advance medication development security and effectiveness In-situ Nasal Delivery is a unique method for medication delivery system for delivering drugs. The medication used in nasal gels is given as a low viscosity solution. The nasal mucosa when in contact with the polymer’s conformation transforms to a gel-like state. It is appropriate to use the nasal gel formulation for medications whose oral administration is challenging. Various biodegradable polymers that are used for the formulation of in situ gels include gellan gum, alginic acid, xyloglucan, pectin, chitosan, poly(DLlactic acid), poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly-caprolactone. Keywords: In situ gel, bioavailability , polymers, nasal drug delivery.

ABSTRACTDue to the complexity of the eye's structure and barriers, drug delivery experts and ophthalmologists find ocular drug delivery to be an extremely difficult field. The ocular drug delivery system is regarded as important and complex since it is tough to administer drugs there. Additionally, the traditional ophthalmic formulations have limited absorption and a brief pre-corneal residence time. Ophthalmic products are sterile preparations that can be administered onto the surface of the eye. The slightest inflammation in the eyes can cause intense soreness and cause eye infections. Quality control of ophthalmic preparations includes identification, potency, purity, sterility particulate matter, and dissolution testing. Keywords: Ocular Diseases, Contact lenses, Eye drop, Eye ointments, Ophthalmic solution. 

ABSTRACTRare diseases are a major public health problem and public health challenge. Orphan drugs are medicines intended to diagnose, prevent, or treat life-threatening rare diseases. In a country like India, which is already struggling to provide basic healthcare facilities to its large population, it becomes very difficult for people living with rare diseases to access treatment options. The orphan drug legislation provides the pharmaceutical industry with a set of incentives and conditions to develop drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. The aim of this article is to describe orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases, Legislation, Indian Perspectives, Access to Orphan Medicines, Designation, Progress and Sales. Orphan drugs can help pharmaceutical companies reduce the impact of lost sales caused by blockbuster drug patent expirations. In our study we compare essential drugs with orphan drugs and examine approaches and future prospects in the development of orphan drugs.  Keywords: Rare Diseases, Orphan Drugs, Essential Medicines, Orphan Drug Act, NPRD, Advancements in Research.