ELISA

ABSTRACTLyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is a multi-organ animal-borne disease, caused by bacteria – spirochetes of the Borrelia species classified as Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) strain (sensu lato). It is the most common tick-borne infectious disease in Europe and USA. The infection is transmitted by ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus. . In Europe, I. ricinus ticks usually prey on rodents and deer, Humans are infected through a tick bite to the skin. Bb has to be attached for at least 24 h for an infection to result. The risk of infection increases with length of time of human exposure to the tick, approaching 100% on the third day. Thus, early removal of ticks is the best method of Lyme borreliosis prophylaxis. The most common manifestation of Lyme disease, erythema migrans, appears at the site of a tick bite 3–30 days (but typically within 7–10 days) after the bite. It is recognized in more than 90% of patients who have objective evidence of B. burgdorferi infection. Erythema migrans is usually asymptomatic but may be pruritic or painful, and it may be accompanied by systemic clinical features such as fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, or arthralgia. A two-step diagnosis is necessary: the first step is based on a high sensitivity ELISA test with positive results confirmed by a more specific Western blot assay. Antibiotic therapy is curative in most cases, but some patients develop chronic symptoms, which do not respond to antibiotics.Keywords: Lyme borreliosis ; ELISA; tick-borne; Western blot assay  

To assess the efficacy of therapeutic on Rotavirus diarrheal hospitalizations among children < 5 years of age   based on world health organization (WHO) guideline. Based on a longitudinal observational study, 1027 fecal samples were collected from children (less than 5 years), suffering from diarrhea attended at the Yemeni Swedish hospital (YSH) in Taiz , Yemen from January 2009  to December 2012 .  Rotavirus infection was detected by re – validated enzyme linkage immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on stool specimens of children. The treatment course consists of  two methods, namely, intravenous rehydration fluid therapy  (IV) for inpatient and oral rehydration fluid  therapy (OR) for outpatient with treatment of the major  symptoms, namely,  fever and vomiting based on anti – pyretic and anti – emetic if necessary . The efficacy of therapy quality outcomes was assessed clinically and reported. Firstly, the results of re - validated  ELISA method were precise to each analyte with percent relative standard deviation (RSD %) of intra-assay and inter – assay (< 5.0 %). Furthermore, the interval of accuracy for the method exhibited well recovery value of 93 - 100 % and the coefficient correlation (R2) value was  0.99 as a good linear method for Rotavirus infection. Secondly ,  A total of  581  out of  1027  (56.57 %) patients were admitted as inpatients for IV  fluid  therapy  ,  while  446  (43.43 %) were seen in the outpatient ward  receiving  OR  fluid  therapy . The recovery of patients was 98.10 % for IV and 98.43 % for OR, statistically, that was not significantly different (p> 0.05) . In conclusion , A successful   Rotavirus  treatment guidelines in Yemen will rely upon best sustained diagnosis by application Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)  which is clear in specific  – precise , reliable and  accurate method to detect the virus  and the best efficacy of therapy by Good Clinical Practice (GCP) which is clear in treatment  of  Rotavirus diarrhea which protects against dehydration by fluid therapy .