Ultrasonography

In routine practice every surgeon has to come across this surgical emergency and treatment would largely depend on early diagnosis and skillful management. The objective is to study various causes, symptomatology, various modalities (surgical) of treatment, the role of imaging studies in determining the etiology and intervention and complications of various surgical procedures of intestinal obstruction. A total number of 50 cases of intestinal obstruction have been studied between April 2014 to june 2015, patients who attended OPD and emergency department at Govt Medical college and Associated Group of Hospitals, KOTA Rajasthan with history and clinical picture suggestive of intestinal obstruction, also the patients who had hernia with recent onset of irreducibility, pain, vomiting and constipation were also included in this study. Paediatric  patients and patients who were having sub acute or adynamic intestinal obstruction treated conservatively were excluded from the study. The study was of 50 patients  done in all age groups ranging from 11 to 80yrs with a mean age of 44.8 years. Maximum incidence was seen between age group of 51-60 yrs (22%) followed by the age group 41-50 (20%). Males are more commonly involved (4.5:1) than females and small bowel is more commonly involved (70%). And adhesion followed by obstructed hernia are common cause of intestinal obstruction. Apart from postoperative adhesion other causes of intestinal obstruction like obstructed inguinal hernia, tubercular stricture, large bowel volvulus and large bowel neoplasms should be dealt promptly to prevent strangulation. Early diagnosis and emergent management are the key of better outcome.

There are three pairs of major salivary glands, namely Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual. Parotid gland is located in the retro-mandibular fossa, Submandibular under the body of the mandible, & the Sublingual in the sublingual space lying lateral to the genioglossus muscle. Apart from obstructive and inflammatory diseases they are also prone for neoplastic changes. After clinical evaluation of gland ultrasonography is an important screening tool for salivary gland pathology. The aim of this study was to establish the usefulness of ultrasonography in screening of major salivary gland for various pathological conditions. 40 patients visited to Department of Oral Pathology/Oral Medicine and Radiology with chief complains associated with major salivary glands were included in our study. Patient was first subjected to plain radiography followed by ultrasonography. Ultrasound was not only found superior to plain radiography in screening of obstructive disease, it also provided valuable information about other pathological condition associated with major salivary gland. As ultrasonography is simple non ionizing, non invasive diagnostic procedure it should be used as first-line of imaging modality in assessment of salivary gland diseases.