infection

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious problem recognized as one of the greatest global threats to human health. Despite the successful effects to control infection disease, the continuous decline of therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobials due to among others increasing antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem. Although globally antimicrobial resistance is an emerging threats to public health, the problem is more severe in developing countries like Ethiopia where the burden of infectious diseases is relatively grater and healthcare spending is low. Drug resistance can be a natural phenomenon. Its proliferation, however, is attributed to multifaceted factor such as overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Nonprescription   sale of antibiotic is one of the major reasons to increase antibiotic consumption which facilitates emergence of drug resistance.  

The testis section of toxoplasma infected male rats showed vacular degeneration of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. The seminiferous tubules revealed sever degeneration, shrinkage, necrosis, hemorrhages with disappearance of epithelial lining of the majority of seminiferous tubules. They were also appeared separated with an irregular outlines and surrounded by fibrin. Seminiferous tubule lumen contained little amount of sperm with appearance of giant cells, polymorph nuclear leukocyte and exfoliated cellular debris. The epididymal sections of Toxoplasma gondii infected male rats  treated by DMSO showed infiltration of mononuclear and multinucleated giant cell. Epididymal sections also showed hyperplasia of duct lining and contained toxoplasma cyst. Ovary sections of infected female rats treated by DMSO revealed morphological differences compared to the non infected group treated with DMSO, they showed decreased primary and secondary follicle with increased follicle atresia. Uterine section of infected female rats treated by DMSO showed hypertrophy of the endometrium and myometrium, polymorphic inflammatory infiltration, fewer glands, increased endometrial thickness with congestion of vessels. Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine nor cause histological changed neither potentiate the histological effects of toxoplasmosis in infected and non infected male and female rats.