resistance

Antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed drugs in paediatrics and can be a biggest threat of growing   resistance in children. It is always preferable to choose a single drug with a narrowest spectrum effective for pathogen. Combination antibiotic therapy may provide synergistic effect but there is a chance of getting drug resistance particularly in paediatrics. Paediatrics, a specialized population is at a significant risk for drug related problems in particular when they exposed to multiple drug therapy and complex illness. Monitoring and control of antibiotic usage and detailed knowledge of antibiotic prescribing practice is important now-a-days. The aim of our study was to analyse the Utilization of antibiotics in paediatric department of Sri Venkata Ramnaraine Ruia Government General Hospital (SVRRGGH), Tirupathi. A Prospective observational study was carried out for 3 months using patient data collection proforma and clinical significance of 120 individual cases were recorded.  The data were analysed by descriptive statistics. The utilization of antibiotics in emergency ward, general ward and ICU were observed. More number of prescriptions was observed in the emergency ward (53.33 %).  Most of the paediatric patients receiving parenteral preparations (81.8 %) and 55.62 % of prescriptions were based on empirical therapy. In our study 66.66 % of paediatric patients were on single antibiotic. Cephalosporins (42.2 %) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in three departments followed by Pencillins (22.7 %) and least prescribed group was Fluroquinolones (2.13 %). This information was helpful to analyse the clinical judgment on selection of antibiotics in paediatrics of SVRRGGH.

Athletes are fortitude to use high-intensity training to prepare for competitions. They uses their entire stamina for their practice to show their better performances in various competitions. In this current review we would like to illustrate the probable effects lead by the high-intensity interval and resistance training on endurance performance and their related physiological measures of competitive endurance in athletes. A total number of 22 relevant training studies were taken in the present study. The training classification was based as per intervals (supramaximal, maximal, submaximal) and resistance (including explosive, plyometrics, and weights). All effects were converted on performance into percent changes by mean power and included physiological effects on measures that impact fortitude performance. The Endurance performance of the longest durations were enhanced mostly by the intervals of maximal and supramaximal intensities (~6%), but resistance training had smaller effects (~2%). Interval training achieved its effects through improvements of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold and economy, whereas resistance training had benefits mainly on economy. Effects of some forms of high-intensity training on performance or physiology were unclear. All but one study was performed in non-competitive phases of the athletes’ programs, when there was a little or no high-intensity training. Endurance performance of the shortest durations was enhanced most by supramaximal intervals (~4%) and explosive sport-specific resistance training (4-8%). The present study concludes that addition of explosive resistance and high-intensity interval training to a generally low-intensity training program will produce substantial gains in performance.