D. Rama Brahma Reddy

ABSTRACTInfectious diseases caused 13.2 million deaths in 2023, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) contributing 1.3 million deaths annually and posing a $100 trillion economic threat by 2050. This review explores advancements in infectious diseases pharmacology, including AMR mechanisms, novel therapeutics, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), antimicrobial stewardship, genomic surveillance, artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery, global health policies, pandemic preparedness, vaccine development, One Health approaches, and clinical case studies. Innovations like cefiderocol, mRNA vaccines, bacteriophage therapies, and AI-driven drug design, supported by clinical trials, address resistant pathogens. Images of diseases like tuberculosis, Candida auris, and MRSA, integrated within relevant sections, enhance clinical understanding. Integrated strategies are vital to combat AMR and improve global health. Keywords: Infectious diseases, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Pharmacology, Novel therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), Artificial intelligence (AI), Antimicrobial stewardship, Vaccine development, Genomic surveillance, One Health

ABSTRACTThe majority of patients find that the oral route of drug administration is the most convenient, easy to follow, non- invasive, and physician-preferred method. However, oral biologic administration is not as beneficial as other routes because of mucosal permeability and various gastrointestinal barriers that limit the systemic absorption of complex macromolecules after ingestion. Patients tend to prefer taking medicines orally as tends to be more convenient; however, oral administration is not currently possible for biologics. The physiological role of the gastrointestinal tract presents multiple barriers that limit the systemic absorption of complex macromolecules after ingestion. Biologics are not only highly sensitive to the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract, but, as very large molecules, their permeability across the intestinal mucosa is extremely poor. Research in the area of oral delivery of biologics has a long and rich history and the proliferation of biologics in recent decades has further accelerated the research activity. This article summarizes the main physiological barriers to oral delivery of biologics and discuss different research strategies to enable or improve oral delivery of biologics. Keywords: Absorption enhancers; biologics; drug delivery; gastrointestinal barriers; insulin; micro needle pill.

ABSTRACTAn analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics therapeutic groups was developed based on off-line solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry 1 (SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS). Extraction conditions were optimized taking into account parameters like sorbent material, sample volume and sample 1,2 PH. Method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.02 to 8.18 ng/L were obtained 2,3. This methodology was successfully applied to the determination of the selected pharmaceuticals in seawater samples of Atlantic Ocean in the Northern Portuguese coast. All the pharmaceuticals have been detected in the seawater samples, with pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxy ibuprofen being the most frequently detected at concentrations that can reach some hundreds of ng/L 4. Keywords: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, Prostaglandins, Aspirin.