insulin

ABSTRACTThe majority of patients find that the oral route of drug administration is the most convenient, easy to follow, non- invasive, and physician-preferred method. However, oral biologic administration is not as beneficial as other routes because of mucosal permeability and various gastrointestinal barriers that limit the systemic absorption of complex macromolecules after ingestion. Patients tend to prefer taking medicines orally as tends to be more convenient; however, oral administration is not currently possible for biologics. The physiological role of the gastrointestinal tract presents multiple barriers that limit the systemic absorption of complex macromolecules after ingestion. Biologics are not only highly sensitive to the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract, but, as very large molecules, their permeability across the intestinal mucosa is extremely poor. Research in the area of oral delivery of biologics has a long and rich history and the proliferation of biologics in recent decades has further accelerated the research activity. This article summarizes the main physiological barriers to oral delivery of biologics and discuss different research strategies to enable or improve oral delivery of biologics. Keywords: Absorption enhancers; biologics; drug delivery; gastrointestinal barriers; insulin; micro needle pill.

To evaluate the liver and kidney function status of Type ll Diabetic patients. In the present research work on type II diabetes mellitus, various biochemical parameters have been analyzed in a systematic manner. Blood samples were collected from Sun and Apollo laboratory in Coimbatore. About thirty type ll diabetic patients (age : 40 – 70, 15 males and 15 females) and thirty normal individuals (age 30 – 50, 17 males and 13 females) were selected. Among with elevated blood sugar level, serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and protein were also significantly increased. Significantly increased levels of AST and ALT were observed in diabetic, when compared to normal control. The present study suggests that an elevation of blood glucose level might precede the development of liver diseases and renal problems in patients with type ll diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, the hyperglycemic patients were also observed the elevated levels of liver function enzymes and blood metabolites like urea, creatinine and uric acid.