Sahrish Farooqi

In this review, we have discussed the basic principles, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the most widely used molecular markers for genetic diversity studies, genetic mapping, marker-trait association studies and marker assisted selection programs. It is theoretically possible to observe and exploit genetic variation in the entire genome with different molecular markers. Most common genetic markers include allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and SNP. Hence, the development and use of molecular markers for the detection and exploitation of DNA polymorphism is one of the most significant developments in the field of molecular genetics and medical sciences.

This study describes the demographic status of HIV-infected people in Pakistan. The major risks factors involve in the spread HIV infection among the population of Pakistan are discussed. The overall prevalence of HIV has been observed to be getting higher as compared to the prevalence of early years. Use of population-based surveillance data provided a glimpse of need to spread the knowledge of HIV safety programs among each and every individual of Pakistan. Our findings emphasize the importance of targeting HIV testing and prevention efforts to populations at risk of HIV.