Prevalence

ABSTRACTAlzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is a decade has witnessed a steadily increasing effort directed at discovering the etiology of the disease and developing pharmacological treatment. Recent developments include improved clinical diagnostic guidelines and improved treatment of both cognitive disturbance and behavioral problems. Symptomatic treatment mainly focusing on cholinergic therapy has been clinically evaluated by randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies measuring performance-based tests of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and behavior. The role of estrogen replacement, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants is controversial and needs further study. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and hypnotics are used for the treatment of behavioral disturbance. Future directions in the research and treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease include: applying functional brain imaging techniques in early diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy; development of new classes of medications working on different neurotransmitter systems (cholinergic, glutamatergic, etc.) Keywords: Dementia, Symptoms and Stages of disease, Etiology, Pathology, Neurophysiology, Risk factors, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevalence, 

Self-medication is an issue of great concern particularly in developing countries like Nigeria where there is unrestricted access to drugs, including prescription only medicines. There is paucity of data on self-medication among pharmacy undergraduates in Nigeria. The aim of this descriptive cross sectional study was to assess the prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate pharmacy students of the University of Uyo, Nigeria. The study was carried out between October and November, 2015, using self-administered questionnaires, which were collected in the various classes after completion. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) Version 16.0.  The prevalence of self-medication in this study was 82.0% with most frequently reported illness being fever/malaria (33.2%). The major reasons for self-medication were mildness of the disease (48.2%) and being knowledgeable about drugs (22.5%). Analgesics (70.2%) and antibiotics (61.9%) were the two most frequently used classes of medications, most of which were obtained from pharmacy outlets (60.9%). Academic knowledge (24.7%) was the most frequently reported source of drug information for self-medication in this study. The prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate Pharmacy students of the University of Uyo was high. No demographic characteristic was found to affect self-medication practice. In other to reduce the practice of self-medication among Pharmacy undergraduates and hence minimize its attendant negative effects, efforts to promote responsible self-medication and rational drug use should be intensified in Schools of Pharmacy.

This study describes the demographic status of HIV-infected people in Pakistan. The major risks factors involve in the spread HIV infection among the population of Pakistan are discussed. The overall prevalence of HIV has been observed to be getting higher as compared to the prevalence of early years. Use of population-based surveillance data provided a glimpse of need to spread the knowledge of HIV safety programs among each and every individual of Pakistan. Our findings emphasize the importance of targeting HIV testing and prevention efforts to populations at risk of HIV.

Hyperlipidemia induced cardiovascular complications are too common in the younger populations. The aim of the study is to identify the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in Cardiology Inpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. 54.39% patients identified with Hyperlipidemia. Female populations were found to be 52% and the remaining were males. 55.29% of population comes under age of less than 60. This clearly showed up the risk of hyperlipidemia in the study population

Asthma creates a substantial burden on individuals and families as it is more often under-diagnosed and under-treated. India has an estimated 15-20 million asthmatics. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of asthma is important so that treatment and other interventions can begin early. Prospective observational study was conducted in the department of general medicine, RIMS, Kadapa for the period of 6 months aimed to assess the prevalence, risk factors and treatment in asthmatic patients. Patients were enrolled into the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 122 asthma diagnosed patients were recruited under the inclusion criteria. Our study establishes that the prevalence of bronchial asthma was more in males 79 (64.75%) than in females 43 (35.25 %). The prevalence rate of our study was 20.71 %. Our study found that most patients (35.25%) are using multiple drug therapy, followed by triple combination therapy (33.61%). Our study concluded that the asthma has low incidence and prevalence rate among the total respiratory diseases patients admitted in the hospital with the most predominant risk factors as dust, smoke and climate variation. Most patients have used multiple drug therapy for treatment due to severity of disease.