Causes

ABSTRACTAlzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is a decade has witnessed a steadily increasing effort directed at discovering the etiology of the disease and developing pharmacological treatment. Recent developments include improved clinical diagnostic guidelines and improved treatment of both cognitive disturbance and behavioral problems. Symptomatic treatment mainly focusing on cholinergic therapy has been clinically evaluated by randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies measuring performance-based tests of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and behavior. The role of estrogen replacement, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants is controversial and needs further study. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and hypnotics are used for the treatment of behavioral disturbance. Future directions in the research and treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease include: applying functional brain imaging techniques in early diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy; development of new classes of medications working on different neurotransmitter systems (cholinergic, glutamatergic, etc.) Keywords: Dementia, Symptoms and Stages of disease, Etiology, Pathology, Neurophysiology, Risk factors, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevalence, 

The overview of a medication error and certain types of error that could cause patients medication plan to turn into a wrong way. Medication error also could lead to many other unwanted outcomes that could be harmful to patient. The types of medication errors that normally occur with its explanation are given. A potential error from the prescriber is explained and the error from the perspective of patient is also mentioned. There are certain steps that can be taken in order to overcome these medication errors and how a patient can react in order to overcome these medication errors. An example of a medication error case study is also presented with the discussion on the error.

The specific objectives addressed in this paper are to examine the types, and the causes of prescribing errors among the doctors, nurses and pharmacists at Ibb city hospitals in Yemen. The data were drawn by using a questionnaire, a sample random sampling procedures to select 388(doctors, nurses and pharmacists) from the private and the governmental hospitals at Ibb city in Yemen, using a descriptive analysis. The researcher found that the participants agree about the unintentional mistakes as a first common types of the prescribing errors with the overall µ= 3.81, intentional violation mistakes as second types of the prescribing errors with the overall µ= 3.75 and the intentional mistakes as a third common types of the prescribing errors with the overall µ= 3.68. The participants agree about the staff as the first common causes with the overall µ= 3.93, lack of knowledge and environmental condition as the second common causes with the overall µ= 3.90, lack of patient necessary information and lack of system and supervision are the third common causes with the overall µ= 3.89, prescriber lapse and slip as the fourth common causes with the overall µ=3.87. These finding are the first to document the types and the causes of medication prescribing errors in Yemen.