Antimicrobial

The aim of the present study was to study the pattern of antimicrobial drug use in the OPD of the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Guwahati with reference to the drugs prescribed, dosage forms and routes of administration, average number of drugs per prescription and prescriptions by generic names. This was a prospective cross-sectional observational prescription based study conducted for a period of three months from September, 2015 to December, 2015. Regular visits were made to the OPD and data regarding patient demographics and drugs prescribed were collected in a predetermined format. The data was then recorded in Microsoft Excel and analyzed. A total of 114 prescriptions were analyzed of which 73(64%) were male patients and the rest, female. Most patients belonged to the age group of 51-60 years. Fluoroquinolones were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial class. Among individual drugs, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Fluconazole, Cefixime, Natamycin, Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid, Ceftriaxone-Sulbactam and Metronidazole were the antimicrobials prescribed in descending order of frequency. The commonest dosage form prescribed was eye drops followed by tablets, eye ointment and intravenous injection. Most prescriptions contained only two drugs per patient. 19% of the total drugs were prescribed by their generic names. Antimicrobial drugs are one of the commonly used drug classes in most cases attending the Ophthalmology OPD either to treat ocular infections or to prevent them. Steps must be taken to sensitize the prescribers regarding rational use of antimicrobials and emphasis should be laid on strengthening the hospital drug supply chain.

Human beings have used plants for the treatment of diverse ailments for thousands of years. Plant derived chemicals are detoxify carcinogens therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate antibacterial and antimutagenic potential of A.oppositifolia and L.leucocephala. Three different solvent extracts of both plants were used to screen antimicrobial activity against two human pathogenic bacteria: E.coli (gram negative) and B.subtilis (gram positive) by disk diffusion assay and MIC also determined by using microdilution assay and antimutagenic potential screened by employing AMESassay against direct acting mutagen Etbr with S. typhimurium TA100 and TA98 strains.The range of antibacterial activity in A. oppositifolia varied from 17±0.73mm to 25±0.8mmagainst E.coli and 18±0.16 to 24±0.14 mm zone of inhibition against B. subtiliswhile, this ranged varied from 12±0.21to 27±0.47mm against E. coli.and19±0.5 to 25±0.26 mm against B. subtilis in L. leucocephala. The antimutagenic range of inhibition percentage varied in A. oppositifolia from 57.97% to 98.93% with TA98 and 84.67% to 99.65 with TA 100. In L. leucocephala the range varied from 5.85% to79.78% with TA98 and 93.93% to 99.54% with TA100. Among all extracts chloroform& acetone extract of A.oppositifoliaandmethanol & acetone extract of L. leucocephalahas got highest antimutagenic and antibacterial potential. Finding of the results we reported that, all the extracts possess significant antibacterial and antimutagenic activityso these plants can be used in the treatment of variety of ailments.