Diclofenac

The present study was conducted to evaluate comparative toxicity of two widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) i.e. Diclofenac and meloxicam in Gallus domesticus. Diclofenac is claimed to be a major responsible cause of vulture population declination and considered as most devastating environmental toxicant. Today, it is replaced by meloxicam which is believed to be a safer drug than diclofenac.  The whole experiment was divided in three comparative groups consisting of seven adult healthy broilers in each group. After the completion of experiments, the animals were autopsied as per standard protocols and blood was collected directly from cardiac puncture whereas vital organs were fixed in formalin for histopathological investigations. The results of serum biochemistry, hematology and histo-pathology revealed significant alterations in comparison to vehicle control. The levels of SGOT and SGPT were significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.001) increased by diclofenac treatment as compared to meloxicam. The levels of uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were indicated abnormalities in renal and hepatic functions in the diclofenac treated birds. Histopathology of the renal and hepatic tissues showed different degrees of degeneration like pyknosis, apoptosis and necrosis by diclofenac treatment as well as meloxicam when compared with vehicle control. Although the hematology parameters were not altered significantly. Therefore, the results of pathophysiology and biochemistry indicate that meloxicam shows less toxicity in comparison to diclofenac at same dose and duration in the experimental model Gallus domesticus.

The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of diclofenac sodium, ketorolac, tramadol individually and their combination after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Total 150 subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly (lottery method) divided into five groups to receive respective treatment. Pain score was measured after 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery through visual analogue scale. The data was statistically analyzed through SPSS (version 20.0). It is concluded on the basis of collected results that a combination of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Opioid derivatives is much superior to achieve effective pain control than either of the drug alone. Furthermore, ketorolac and tramadol combination provided more efficient pain control than diclofenac sodium and tramadol combination. This effective pain control is associated with short hospital stay which will cause less economic burden for patients. So, we may recommend that Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (ketorolac) and opioids (tramadol) combination should be used for effectual pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) whose main mechanism is inhibition of cyclooxygenases are commonly used for the management of pain. However, this mechanism is inadequate to explain the central analgesic activity of these drugs. We aimed to examine and to compare the central analgesic activity of diclofenac, etodolac, and indomethacin and the possible involvement of serotonergic and adrenergic mechanisms in their effects by using the hot plate and tail immersion tests. All drugs were assessed at same single doses (10 mg/kg). Mice were pretreated with prazosin and yohimbine, adrenergic antagonists, (1 mg/kg; i.p., 30 min. before testing) for investigating adrenergic mechanisms. Ondansetron and ketanserin, serotonergic antagonists, (0.5 mg/kg; i.p., 30 min. before testing) were also used for investigating serotonergic mechanisms. In tail immersion test, yohimbine and ketanserin decreased the antinociceptive effects of all tested NSAIDs. Ondansetron only antagonized the antinociceptive effect of diclofenac while prazosin was found ineffective. In the hot plate test, prazosin attenuated the antinociceptive effect of indomethacin and etodolac. Yohimbine, ondansetron, and ketanserin reversed the antinociceptive effects of all test drugs. The antinociception induced by tested drugs appears to be mediated either serotonergic (5-HT2/5-HT3) or adrenergic (α1/α2) receptors in spinal/supraspinal level. 5-HT2/ 5-HT3 and α1/α2 receptors are more associated with the supraspinal antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs while 5–HT2 and α2 receptors are predominantly involved in antinociceptive effect at the spinal level.