Toxicity

The present study was conducted to evaluate comparative toxicity of two widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) i.e. Diclofenac and meloxicam in Gallus domesticus. Diclofenac is claimed to be a major responsible cause of vulture population declination and considered as most devastating environmental toxicant. Today, it is replaced by meloxicam which is believed to be a safer drug than diclofenac.  The whole experiment was divided in three comparative groups consisting of seven adult healthy broilers in each group. After the completion of experiments, the animals were autopsied as per standard protocols and blood was collected directly from cardiac puncture whereas vital organs were fixed in formalin for histopathological investigations. The results of serum biochemistry, hematology and histo-pathology revealed significant alterations in comparison to vehicle control. The levels of SGOT and SGPT were significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.001) increased by diclofenac treatment as compared to meloxicam. The levels of uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were indicated abnormalities in renal and hepatic functions in the diclofenac treated birds. Histopathology of the renal and hepatic tissues showed different degrees of degeneration like pyknosis, apoptosis and necrosis by diclofenac treatment as well as meloxicam when compared with vehicle control. Although the hematology parameters were not altered significantly. Therefore, the results of pathophysiology and biochemistry indicate that meloxicam shows less toxicity in comparison to diclofenac at same dose and duration in the experimental model Gallus domesticus.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential toxic effects of bioallethrin-based Mosquito-Repellents (MR) in non-adult rats as well as to ascertain whether the antioxidant substances such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E + Selenium  have any roles in preventing such toxic effects or not. 100 rat pups were divided into four study groups (each group consists of 25 rat pups) as Group I (control), Group II (bioallethrin), Group III (Vit C+ bioallethrin) and Group IV (Vit E+selenium+bioallethrin).  The animals in Group II, III, IV were exposed to the vapor of heated tablets including 4.2% bioallethrin 8 hours/day for a period of ninety days in a room with a volume of 23 m3. Vit C was added at a concentration of 500 mg/L to the fresh drinking water of animals in Group III. Vit E+Selenium combination was administered intraperitonally to the animals in Group IV once weekly at a dose of 50 mg/kg. According to the results, it was determined that antioxidants, particularly combination of Vitamin E+selenium administration, may be beneficial at preventing toxic effects of bioalletrin in rat pups. As a conclusion, when bioallethrin based- MR is used, Vit E+Selenium combination can be advised to prevent the effects of bioallethrin.

The ivermectin is mostly used an anti-parasitic drug for treatment of Argulosis and other ectoparasite diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of acute exposure (96 h) of different concentration of ivermectin in the water on metabolism and blood glucose level of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. The graded level of ivermectin such as 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5 μg/L in water were selected and a test was conducted in triplicate for each concentration with 10 fishes in each tub of 100 L capacity. At the end of the experimental period of 96 hrs, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood glucose level were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with respect to concentration of ivermectin, while the activities of  lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and transaminase enzymes (alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase) were significantly increased  (P < 0.05) in exposed groups compared to the control. A negative correlation was recorded between the level of ivermectin concentration in water and blood glucose level. The gross observations noticed were sluggishness, inactivity, dark body color, disorientation and imbalance in swimming.