Parkinson’s disease

ABSTRACTParkinson’s disease (PD) is neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly dopamine producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. Parkinson’s disease is associated with risk factors including aging, family history, pesticide exposure and environmental chemicals. Its ultimate causes are unknown. Characterized by both motor and non motor symptoms. Recent decades have witnessed a proliferation of medical pharmacological therapies and innovative surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation (DBS).Exercise is important for people with PD because it helps to maintain balance, mobility and the ability to perform daily routines.  This review mainly highlights the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment (pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies) of peoples with Parkinson’s disease.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Neurodegenerative disorder, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Diagnosis and Treatment.

ABSTRACTPD (PD) is a debilitating progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder that negatively impacts bodily movement. It is the second most common type of neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of PD remain unknown, a vast body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteasomal dysfunction all play a role in the disease's pathogenesis. Because of the multifactorial nature of the disease, current drug treatment can only offer symptomatic relief and cannot stop or delay the disease progression. The Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the member of the receptor’s superfamily called, nuclear receptors, regulates the growth, differentiation of the tissues, inflammation, mitochondrial function, wound healing, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Several PPAR agonists have recently been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease, PD, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. We review the research on the neuroprotective effects of PPAR agonists in in-vitro and in-vivo models of PD in this paper. Similarly, the pharmacological mechanism of PPAR agonists' neuroprotective effects is examined. Finally, PPAR agonists exert neuroprotective effects by controlling the expression of a set of genes involved in cell survival processes, suggesting that they may be a potential therapeutic target in crippling neurodegenerative diseases like PD.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, neuroprotective, neuro inflammatory, oxidative stress, PPAR agonist

ABSTRACTParkinson’s disease is the second most chronic neurodegenerative disorder, That impair motor skills, and cognitive performance. Most of the conventional therapies only focus on suppression of symptoms in the disease. But the emerging novel phytochemical compounds have significant effect on its Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms. These compounds shows neuro-protective action and also decrease the oxidative stress, neuro-inflammatory pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Most of the adverse reactions of conventional treatment are reduced by   novel compounds. Keywords:  Parkinson’s disease, neuroprotective, neuroinflammatory, oxidative stress