Blood-Brain Delivery Methods Using Nanotechnology

ABSTRACTBlood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising tool for overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). This mini-review provides an overview of recent advancements in nanotechnology to improve blood-brain barrier penetration. It covers different approaches, such as using targeted ligands and receptors, engineered carriers and transporters, and surface modifications for targeting the blood-brain barrier. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and metallic nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc oxide, are discussed in the context of their unique properties and applications. Preclinical and clinical advances in nanotechnology-based BBB delivery are discussed, including transcellular nanotechnology-based brain drug delivery and preclinical and clinical studies of nanocarriers for CNS disorders. Although nanotechnology has shown great potential for treating CNS diseases, several challenges remain. The major challenges and future perspectives for constructing brain-targeted delivery systems are also discussed, particularly limitations associated with the blood-brain barrier and clinical obstacles to CNS disease treatment. Keywords: Nanoparticles; Blood brain barrier; Drug delivery systems; engineered carriers, Alzheimer disease, Liposomes.