Liposomes

ABSTRACTBlood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising tool for overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). This mini-review provides an overview of recent advancements in nanotechnology to improve blood-brain barrier penetration. It covers different approaches, such as using targeted ligands and receptors, engineered carriers and transporters, and surface modifications for targeting the blood-brain barrier. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and metallic nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc oxide, are discussed in the context of their unique properties and applications. Preclinical and clinical advances in nanotechnology-based BBB delivery are discussed, including transcellular nanotechnology-based brain drug delivery and preclinical and clinical studies of nanocarriers for CNS disorders. Although nanotechnology has shown great potential for treating CNS diseases, several challenges remain. The major challenges and future perspectives for constructing brain-targeted delivery systems are also discussed, particularly limitations associated with the blood-brain barrier and clinical obstacles to CNS disease treatment. Keywords: Nanoparticles; Blood brain barrier; Drug delivery systems; engineered carriers, Alzheimer disease, Liposomes.

The review on drug targeting in neoplastic disorders emphasizes the various targeting techniques for  effective treatment of the condition. Neoplasm refers to the new growth and its common in any individual, uncontrolled neoplasm results in condition called neoplastic disorder or tumor or cancer. Globally 14.1 million cancer cases were reported in 2012 and the number is expected to reach 24 million by 2035. This review outlines the advances in drug targeting to the neoplastic disorders  keeping in view on the highlights the novel drug delivery systems like liposomes and particulate system like nanoparticles  problems associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It usage in treatment of cancer and effective targeting ways to target the tumor cells without affecting the normal cells. 

ABSTRACTNanotechnology is the advancing technology which is based on the study of manipulating the matter on a Nano scale range, and it refers to the constructing and engineering of the functional systems at atomic level. Nanotechnology lead to the development of various types of novel drug delivery systems like liposomes, microparticles, niosomes and proniosomes. Liposomes and niosomes has some demerits like leaking, fusion, aggregation, distribution, transportation and storage. To overcome the demerits of both liposomes and niosomes, proniosomes are developed with enhanced physical stability during storage and transport as they are dry formulation of water soluble carrier encoated with the surfactant and drug encapsulated in the proniosomal vesicles, which helps in prolongation of duration of retention of drug in systemic circulation and by reaching the target tissue shows its action which results in reduced toxicity. This review mainly focusses on demerits of liposomes and niosomes, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of Proniosomes. Keywords: Liposomes, Niosomes, Proniosomes, Stability, Surfactant, Cholesterol, Characterization, Applications.