Nanoparticles

ABSTRACTBlood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising tool for overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). This mini-review provides an overview of recent advancements in nanotechnology to improve blood-brain barrier penetration. It covers different approaches, such as using targeted ligands and receptors, engineered carriers and transporters, and surface modifications for targeting the blood-brain barrier. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and metallic nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc oxide, are discussed in the context of their unique properties and applications. Preclinical and clinical advances in nanotechnology-based BBB delivery are discussed, including transcellular nanotechnology-based brain drug delivery and preclinical and clinical studies of nanocarriers for CNS disorders. Although nanotechnology has shown great potential for treating CNS diseases, several challenges remain. The major challenges and future perspectives for constructing brain-targeted delivery systems are also discussed, particularly limitations associated with the blood-brain barrier and clinical obstacles to CNS disease treatment. Keywords: Nanoparticles; Blood brain barrier; Drug delivery systems; engineered carriers, Alzheimer disease, Liposomes.

The review on drug targeting in neoplastic disorders emphasizes the various targeting techniques for  effective treatment of the condition. Neoplasm refers to the new growth and its common in any individual, uncontrolled neoplasm results in condition called neoplastic disorder or tumor or cancer. Globally 14.1 million cancer cases were reported in 2012 and the number is expected to reach 24 million by 2035. This review outlines the advances in drug targeting to the neoplastic disorders  keeping in view on the highlights the novel drug delivery systems like liposomes and particulate system like nanoparticles  problems associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It usage in treatment of cancer and effective targeting ways to target the tumor cells without affecting the normal cells. 

ABSTRACTDevelopment  of  green  nanotechnology  is  generating  interest  of  researchers  toward  ecofriendly  biosynthesis  of nanoparticles. In  this  study,  biosynthesis  of stable copper  nanoparticles were done using Ficus Racemosa  leaf extract.   First  we  prepared leaf extract of  Ficus Racemosa  sanctum in  deionised water. This  extract added  to  0.02 M of copper sulfate solution and we observed the change in color of the solution from colorless to colored solution, this indicates that there is a formation of Cu nanoparticles.  These biosynthesized  Cu nanoparticles were characterized with the help  of UV –Visible Spectroscopy. It was observed that the Ficus Racemosa  leaf extract can reduce copper ions into copper nanoparticles within 8 to 10 min of reaction time.  Thus, this method can be used for rapid and ecofriendly biosynthesis of stable copper nanoparticles. Further, microscopic examination and antimicrobial activity of synthesized nanoparticles was done against several bacteria and fungi.

Aurum metallicum is the homeopathic preparation of gold. The present study was done to evaluate whether Aurum metallicum is having any anti-rheumatic activity. Arthritis was induced by injecting 0.1ml of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant in left paw of each rat. Aurum metallicum at three dilutions (6, 30 and 200 cH), distilled water and Diclofenac sodium (5mg/Kg) were given daily for 16 consecutive days to the treatment groups, control group and reference group respectively. Treatment started from day 8th day after Complete Freund’s Adjuvant injection. Mean Paw volumes (Primary and Secondary), Thymus weight, Spleen weight and Total body weight were noted after 21 days of Complete Freund’s adjuvant administration. Arthritis index was on 21st day post Complete Freund’s adjuvant injection. The Aurum metallicum at the dilution of 6cH showed decrease in mean paw volume on 21st day post Complete Freund’s Adjuvant administration (P