Yogesh Joshi

ABSTRACTThe visual system is the portion of the central nervous system through which human organism is able to see. Eye is very sensitive organ of our system so the care is very important. The task of the visual system is a big one. This system must have an almost innumerable amount of available information and extract only the useful information. Most important special sense in human being is the vision. For normal physical, mental, psychological development and education, vision should be normal. The aim of this review is to evaluate the ocular morbidity in the population of Uttarakhand. This study is a literature review of published studies from 2013 to 2017, held in the different journal and article and websites. Refractive error was the commonest ocular morbidity followed by disorders of conjunctiva, congenital malformations of eye, disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit, injury of eye and orbit, superficial injury of eye, disorders of sclera, cornea, iris and ciliary body, disorders of choroid and retina and presence of functional implant. Most common complaint among children was watering of the eye followed by discharge from eyes, redness of eye and headache, diminished vision, itching and inability to see clearly in dim light. Prevalence of ocular morbidity was significantly associated with age. Commonest causes of injury were contact lens wear, road traffic accidents, sports playing & recreational activities and occupational. Delay in presentation was associated with complications. Stable intervention programs targeting refractive errors, allergic conjunctivitis, infections of lid and adnexa and trauma are used to decrease the burden of ocular morbidity. Keywords: Visual System, Vision, Visual pathway, Visual Defects, Epidemiology, Ocular Morbidity

ABSTRACTAlcohol abuse is one of major and increasingly attributable risk factor for mortality and morbidity worldwide. The underlying purpose of this review is to promote awareness and significance in relation to the effects of alcohol on various body systems especially on cardiovascular system, liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, brain, water and electrolyte metabolism and endocrine system. Alcohol when used above the normal range can results in harmful consequences on different biological organs. Average volumes consumed and patterns and frequency of drinking are three dimensions of alcohol consumption that need to be considered in efforts to reduce the burden of alcohol-related harmful effects. To reduce such harmful effects, national policies need to be developed to keep track of alcohol consumption and its consequences, and to raise awareness amongst the public. It is up to both public and concerned governments to encourage debate and formulate effective public health oriented policies and measures in order to minimize the harm caused by alcohol. Keywords: Alcohol, consumption, harmful effects, awareness

The study was aimed to evaluate the release modifying potential of mucilage extracted from the Artocarpus heterophyllus in the formulation of oral sustained release tablets of diclofenac sodium. Preformulation studies performed on isolated mucilage involved the determination of physicochemical properties as well as flow properties of the mucilage. Compatibility studies including FTIR spectral analysis and drug-excipients compatibility studies showed no signs of incompatibility between drug, isolated gums or mucilage’s and other excipients. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablet formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using different drug: mucilage ratios viz. 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s index and carr’s index for granules while tablets were evaluated for various post-compression parameters like tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, content uniformity, disintegration time, swelling behaviour and in-vitro drug release study. Among all the formulations, AH-3 and AH-4 showed a slow and complete drug release of 99.21% and 98.16%, respectively, over the period of 12 hrs and thereby exhibited satisfactory sustained drug release phenomenon. All the formulations follow zero order kinetics indicating that the drug diffuses at a comparatively slower rate. Finally, it was concluded that, Artocarpus heterophyllus mucilage can be used as drug release modifier in a particular concentration range and serve as a good binding agent in formulating oral sustained release matrix tablets.