Antimicrobial activity

ABSTRACTErythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration. The drugs in the form of topical gels avoid gastro-intestinal irritation, to overcome first pass effect and to maximize the drug concentration at the site of action. The main objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of erythromycin formulation for effective topical delivery of the drug. The antimicrobial activity of the erythromycin loaded gel is carried by cup-plate method and the zone of inhibition was noted. The current analysis demonstrates persistence release of drug, an increase in amount of drug maintenance into skin and enhanced permeation across the skin after entrapment of Erythromycin into niosomal topical gel. Keywords: Niosomes, Erythromycin, Antimicrobial activity, topical delivery, cup-plate method, Niosomal Gel and Skin Retention.

ABSTRACTFor various health related problem medicinal plant oils are widely used in traditional Indian society. In present study Antimicrobial activity of different crude oils compare with standard medicinal oils. Crude oils are extracted from different parts of plants such as leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus oil), Flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus (Clove oil), Leaves of Cymbopogen citritis (Lemon grass oil), seeds of Recinus communis (Castor oil), and seed of Sesamum indicum (Sesam oil) by using Steam distillation process. The antimicrobial activity of these crude oils with standard medicinal oil was studied by disc diffusion method, against one gram +ve Bacterial species Bacillus subtilis,two gram -ve Klebsiella pneumonia & Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one fungal strain Aspergillus niger. Comparing zone of Inhibition of crude oils with standard oils and also perform the phytochemical test for crude & standard oils.  Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Clevenger apparatus, Medicinal plant oil, phytochemical test 

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent community-acquired infections in world wide. The antimicrobial activity lactobacillus and its bacteriocins production were studied. A total 25 isolates were obtained from 35 urine samples. The most recurrently encountered pathogens were E. coli (9) 25.71%, Klebsiella pneumonia (7) 20%, Proteus mirabilis (4) 11.42%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa(4) 11.42%, and Candida albicans 1(2.8%) respectively. It was observed that the lactobacillus sp effectively inhibit the UTI pathogen such as E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. Based on antimicrobial activity, the potential strains were selected for optimization of bacteriocin activity at different temperature and pH value. The effect of NaCl on bacteriocin activity was also studied. It was clearly noted that theLactobacillus showed very strong inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.5mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (13.2mm), strong inhibition against Proteus mirabilis (12.1mm)and moderate inhibition against Escherishia coli (10mm) and Candida albicans (10.0mm). The activity of bacteriocin was stable between the pH 4.0 to 5.0 and it didn’t show any antimicrobial activity above pH 5.0. The activity of bacteriocin was stable at temperature less than 800C and above 1% NaCl concentration increased the production of bacteriocin from 25-75%. Thus the above study indicates that Lactobacillus can be used as a alternative therapy to treat the UTI infection and to overcome the emergency of rapid increase of drug resistance UTI pathogens. Key words: Urinary tract infection, Lactobacillus, Antimicrobial activity, bacteriocin.

Phytochemical techniques played a significant role in searching raw materials and resources for pharmaceutical industry. Preliminary Phytochemical tests are helpful in finding and locating chemical constituents which are source of pharmacologically active principles.  were carried out by employing standard methods for conducting Qualitative phytochemical analysis for studying the presence of active compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins flavonoids, volatile oils, reducing sugars and steroids. Aqueous pericarp extract of Litchi chinensis showed presence of phenolic compounds, except flavonoids, volatile oils alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars and steroids. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous pericarp extract of Litchi chinensis was studied by agar well diffusion method in vitro.   The effect of antimicrobial potential was examined Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The aqueous extract of the fruit pericarp has showed consistently significant inhibitory activity on different bacterial species tested and found the significance of antimicrobial activity of Litchi chinensis.

Herbal medicine represents one of the most important fields of traditional medicine all over the world. To promote the proper use of herbal medicine and to determine their potential as source for new drugs it is essential to study medicinal plants .The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude extract isolated from callus and different plant parts (leaf, stem and root) of a medicinal plant - Clerodendrum inerme. In vivo and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of various extracts of Clerodendrum inerme was assessed by disc diffusion method against Gram positive bacteria - Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) (B.s.), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) (S.a.) Gram negative bacteria - Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (E.c.), Psedomaonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) (P.a.) and fungal strains Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) (A.n.), Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 9807) (A.f.), Candida albicans (ATCC 5027) (C.a.) and Candida glabrata (ATCC 66032) (C.g.)on the basis of inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration.  The crude extract of selected plant parts and callus with methanol showed significant and more pronounced antimicrobial activity on the used microorganisms.