Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC).

The ethanolic extract showed higher inhibition against the pathogens, especially Escherichia coli (1.56 mg/mL). Among the two solvents extracts, the ethanolic extract showed comparatively stronger antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extract, suggesting that ethanol was more effective in extracting the active phytochemicals responsible for bacterial inhibition. The extracts were particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), while moderate activity was observed against the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). However, further investigations needed to be conducted to validate the biological ingredients and test these Straditional medicinal plants’ safety, efficacy, toxicity, and clinical evaluation.