etc.

The drug delivery system enables the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to achieve a desired therapeutic response. Conventional drug delivery systems (tablets, capsules, syrups, ointments, etc.) suffer from poor bioavailability and fluctuations in plasma drug level and are unable to achieve sustained release. Without an efficient delivery mechanism, the whole therapeutic process can be rendered useless. Moreover, the drug has to be delivered at a specified controlled rate and at the target site as precisely as possible to achieve maximum efficacy and safety. Controlled drug delivery systems are developed to combat the problems associated with conventional drug delivery. There has been a tremendous evolution in controlled drug delivery systems from the past two decades ranging from macro scale and nano scale to intelligent targeted delivery. The most recent breakthroughs in controlled drug delivery systems (2025–2026) include wirelessly controlled bioelectronic devices, advanced nanocarriers, and smart polymers that allow precise, patient-specific dosing and targeted release. These innovations aim to improve treatment accuracy, reduce side effects, and enhance patient compliance. Recent advancements in controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) focus on enhancing precision, patient compliance, and efficacy through nanotechnology, stimuli-responsive materials, and smart, wearable devices. Key developments include lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for nucleic acid delivery, stimuli-responsive systems that release drugs based on pH or temperature, wearable pumps, and microneedles for painless, transdermal administration. The paper concludes with the challenges faced and future directions in controlled drug delivery. Key-words - controlled bioelectronic devices, stimuli-responsive systems, wearable pumps, intelligent targeted delivery, etc.

ABSTRACTPhytosome is a nanovesicle that combines plant extracts and phospholipids to produce more soluble fat complex and provide better absorption. Thalictrum foliolosum DC is widely distributed plant in the Himalayan region extending India, Nepal, Bhutan, South East Tibet and Burma between an altitude range of 1000-3400?m. Within India, it was recorded in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In traditional medicine, various parts of this plant, including its bark, stems, and leaves, have been employed to address a range of health concerns, such as malaria, cancer, mental disorders, and pain relief. In the current days, the majority of the widespread diseases and nutritional disorders are treated with natural medicines. The efficiency of any herbal medication is reliant on the delivery of efficient level of the therapeutically active compound. But a harsh limitation exists in their bioavailability when administered orally or by topical applications. Phytosomes are lately introduced herbal formulations that are superior absorbed and as a result produced superior bioavailability and actions than the conformist phyto molecules or botanical extracts. The ethanolic extract of phytosome was prepared in soya lecithin. Soya lecithin has antioxidant activity. Evaluation of phytosomes for solubility study, entrapment efficiency, transition temperature, particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic study, zeta potential. The results showed the formation of a stable formulation with molecular interaction between the extract and phospholipids. The drug release from the phytosomes was sustained and showed significant improvement compared to the conventional extract. Keywords: Phytosome, phospholipids, Thalictrum foliolosum, entrapment efficiency, etc. 

Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain has now been equated to a fifth vital sign highlighting the significance of pain management in patient care. Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic which is structurally related to codeine and morphine. It is effectively used to treat moderate to severe acute and chronic pain in diverse conditions. Tramadol is placed on the second step of WHO analgesic ladder and in contrast to traditional opioids, exerts its analgesic activity, a dual mechanism of action inhibiting transmission as well as perception of pain. Tramadol is more suitable than NSAID’s and coxib’s for patient with GI, renal and cardiovascular problems. Combined with low dependence/abuse potential, it has proven to be of significant advantage over other agents especially in the elderly.