Sara

ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus is rising globally, and post-prandial hyperglycemia is a key driver of complications. Plant-derived alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and insulin-sensitizing agents are being explored as better-tolerated options. Cassia absus has long-standing ethnomedicinal use for glycemic control. To evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of an ethanolic leaf extract of Cassia absus via (i) alpha-glucosidase inhibition and (ii) enhancement of glucose uptake in vitro, alongside phytochemical profiling and comparison with   standards. Leaves were shade-dried, powdered and ethanol-extracted. Qualitative tests and quantitative assays (HPLC and spectrophotometry) profiled gymnemic acids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition was quantified using p-nitrophenyl-?-D-glucopyranoside across 100–1000 µg/mL; acarbose served as positive control and IC?? was determined. A non-cellular 2-NBDG assay assessed glucose uptake across the same concentrations with insulin as comparator. Experiments were run in triplicate and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The extract contained abundant gymnemic acids (I–IV) with notable levels of flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Alpha-glucosidase activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 98.5% at 1000 µg/mL (IC?? ? 350 µg/mL), exceeding acarbose inhibition at the same concentration (89.3%). The extract also increased glucose uptake up to 96.2% at 1000 µg/mL, outperforming insulin (80.2%) under assay conditions. Statistical analyses indicated significant effects for both endpoints (p < 0.05). Cassia absus exhibits dual anti-diabetic actions potent alpha- glucosidase inhibition and marked enhancement of glucose uptake supporting its promise as a natural adjunct for managing post-prandial glycaemia and improving peripheral glucose handling. Keywords: Cassia absus; alpha-glucosidase inhibition; glucose uptake; gymnemic acids; antidiabetic; in vitro study

ABSTRACTIn 1947, the Zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was identified in Uganda. This virus was later placed in the monkey and spread worldwide to the human population. But still, particular medicine and treatment are not available. Common antiviral synthetic drugs, such as sofosbuvir, boceprevir, etc., produce more side effects. To overcome this problem, we move on to alternative medications. In this study, the medicinal plant Acorus calamus had antiviral activity. It belongs to the family of Acoraceae. In ancient times Acorus calamus was widely used in traditional therapeutic systems. The rapidly developing field of Molecular Docking study approach predicts the plant Acorus calamus phytoconstituents against the Zika virus. In this study, we determine the novel potential active principle to inhibit the Zika virus's extension using molecular modelling using the Schrodinger Maestro 12.7 version. Qikprop tool also performs ADME screening. We have taken 60 phytochemicals from the Acorus calamus plant. The top-hit phytoconstituent of Galangin shows a high docking score compared to other phytoconstituents. The drug-likeness property of the Galangin obeyed in all parameters. The docking score of Galangin (-7.391kcal/mol) is higher than the reference drug sofosbuvir (-5.5 kcal/mol). The results reveal that Galangin could benefit as the lead drug candidate for inhibitors for the Zika virus. Keywords: Acours calamus, Zika virus, Molecular Docking, Maestro and NS5BPolymerase.

ABSTRACTCommunity-acquire urinary tract infection (UTI) with Raoultella ornithinolytica is rare, with only 36 cases have been reported in the literature. The case in hand reports a 29 yrs. old lady with pelvic inflammatory disease who suffered from bothering irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) ten days after removing an intrauterine contraceptive device. Urine culture recovered the rare bacterium of Raoultella ornithinolytica. Based on the sensitivity result, the patient has been treated with levofloxacin antibiotic and has responded favorably. Keywords: Raoultella Ornithinolytica, Klebsiella, community-acquire UTI 

ABSTRACTPneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that specially affects the lungs and is caused by micro-organisms. Pneumonia kills more children than any other illness, more than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. It occurs in people of all ages, although the clinical manifestations are most severe in the very young, the elderly, and the chronically ill. The aim of study was to assess the prescribing pattern of drugs used in treatment of pneumonia in children and to provide parent counselling regarding post discharge drug administration in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A Prospective Observational Study which was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics of Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital in Chidambaram, Cuddalore District, Tamil nadu in the period of June 2016 to October 2016 (5 months). The patient demographics, antibiotics prescribed, discharge advices were collected in a specially designed data collection form. A total of 30 patients were enrolled post obtaining consent from parents into the study. 19 patients (63.33%) were male and 11 patients (36.66%) were female. The age distribution of the study showed majority of patients with pneumonia aged between 2months and 1 year, for 53.33% of the total whereas the patients at 4-12 year occupied the least. Drug use pattern showed all the 30 patients were prescribed with various nebulizing agents. In which 25 patients were mostly prescribed with 3% NACL + O2. Among 30 patients, 7 patients underwent mono therapy, 16 patients underwent dual therapy, 3 patients underwent triple therapy & 4 patients were not treated with antibiotics. Counselling for patient caretakers upon discharge were based upon certain parameters which included dose, dosing interval, side effects. Study outcomes concluded that male patients and patients with age group > 2 months and <1year were affected mostly with pneumonia. The study suggests that occurrence and recovery of young patients from pneumonia can be greatly improved

The aim of the study was to detect, document, assess and report the suspected adverse drug reactions.  A prospective-observational study on adverse drug reactions was conducted in a 1000 bedded multi-specialty hospital. Suspected ADRs were analyzed for causality, severity and preventability using appropriate validated scales. A total of 65 ADRs were identified in 2280 admissions during the study period. Severity of the suspected ADRs assessed using Modified Hartwig and Siegel Scale. The study revealed that 2(1.6%) suspected ADRs were severe, 5(8%) ADRs were moderate and 58(90.4%) ADRs were mild in severity. Causality assessment was done by using WHO and Naranjo scale. The assessment by Naranjo scale showed that 16 (24.8%) ADRs were possibly drug-related, whereas 43(65.6%) were classified as probably and 6(9.6%) ADRs were definitely related to the drug, while the assessment done by using WHO scale revealed that 16(24.8%) ADRs were possibly drug-related,18 (27.2%) ADRs were probably drug-related, whereas 7(9.6%) were classified as certainly related to drug. Nine patients (13.8%) were admitted due to an Adverse. Preventability of suspected ADRs assessed by using Modified Schumock and Thornton scale, revealed that 17(26%) ADRs were definitely preventable while 1 (2%) ADRs were probably preventable and 47(72%)of the drug reactions were not preventable. Intervention was required in all ADRs as it indirectly contributed to affect the patient’s Quality Of Life. Our ability to anticipate and prevent such ADRs can be facilitated by the establishment of standardized approaches and active reporting of suspected ADRs.

The present study was conducted to evaluate comparative toxicity of two widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) i.e. Diclofenac and meloxicam in Gallus domesticus. Diclofenac is claimed to be a major responsible cause of vulture population declination and considered as most devastating environmental toxicant. Today, it is replaced by meloxicam which is believed to be a safer drug than diclofenac.  The whole experiment was divided in three comparative groups consisting of seven adult healthy broilers in each group. After the completion of experiments, the animals were autopsied as per standard protocols and blood was collected directly from cardiac puncture whereas vital organs were fixed in formalin for histopathological investigations. The results of serum biochemistry, hematology and histo-pathology revealed significant alterations in comparison to vehicle control. The levels of SGOT and SGPT were significantly (𝑃 ≤ 0.001) increased by diclofenac treatment as compared to meloxicam. The levels of uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were indicated abnormalities in renal and hepatic functions in the diclofenac treated birds. Histopathology of the renal and hepatic tissues showed different degrees of degeneration like pyknosis, apoptosis and necrosis by diclofenac treatment as well as meloxicam when compared with vehicle control. Although the hematology parameters were not altered significantly. Therefore, the results of pathophysiology and biochemistry indicate that meloxicam shows less toxicity in comparison to diclofenac at same dose and duration in the experimental model Gallus domesticus.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Leptadaenia reticulata for immunomodulating activity. The ethanolic extract of plant of Leptadaenia reticulata holds potential as a protective agent against cytotoxic drugs. The extracts when studied on humoral and cell mediated immunity in normal, as well as cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed rats. It produced both increase for some parameters and decrease response in some other parameters. The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folklore claim that it is an immunomodulating drug plant.

Both ED and LUTS secondary to BPH are found to be increasingly prevalent as men age. The presence of PDE5 receptors within corpus cavernosal smooth muscle is well established. However, isoforms PDE1 and PDE4 have also been found distributed throughout the lower urinary tract mediating smooth muscle relaxation at the bladder neck, prostate, and proximal urethra. Recently, PDE5 inhibitors have been approved to treat LUTS/BPH patients with or without ED. Our objective was to report the highs and lows of doctors and patients preliminary experience surrounding the combination of PDE5 inhibitors and alpha-1 adrenergic blockers in the treatment of LUTS/BPH. We aim at highlighting the points necessary to come up with judicious recommendations and guidelines. In this review we have studied the up-to-date papers in PubMed published on the pharmacological effects of PDE5 inhibitors on LUTS/BPH. Furthermore, we focused on the papers ascribed to combining PDE5 inhibitors with alpha-1 adrenergic blockers to treat LUTS/BPH with or without ED. In addition, we presented our early experience in Saudi Arabia surrounding the pros and cons of the combination therapy along with the patients ‘experience. Clinical trials have shown a diversity of clinical applications of PDE5 inhibitors. One of which is in treating LUTS/BPH "patients’ experience" whether alone or in combination with alpha adrenergic blockers. Tadalafil 5 mg has gained the first licensure for the daily use for LUTS/BPH "patients’ concerns" with or without ED. This paper has presented our early experience on the combination therapy and expressed the patients ‘concerns in details. In current practice, the application of the combination therapy of PDE5 "inhibitors’ preparation" and alpha-1 adrenergic blockers fits better patients who complain of LUTS/BPH and ED simultaneously. Patients who have achieved a steady level of improvement on alpha blockers alone, and expect more, might benefit from the dual therapy. In addition, many BPH patients on 5-alpha reductase inhibitors choose to add on PDE5 inhibitors` preparation to their medications in attempt to overcome the sexual dysfunction drawbacks of the former drug. On the other hand, several issues have been encountered like the concomitant use of nitrate preparations with PDE5 inhibitors, the exorbitant cost of the uninsured daily dose, and the existing comorbidity that patients in Saudi Arabia often have.

Reverse logistics refers to managing a supply chain in reverse direction from the consumers to the manufacturers. Reverse logistics is the part of supply chain management practice that flow of products and information from the customers to the manufacturers for the purpose of value recreate and proper disposal. To explore the knowledge, attitude, beliefs about drug wastage and methods adopted by customers to dispose unused medicines at home. Storing numerous medicines in the home or throwing excess medicines in the trash without first securing them can lead to misuse. This study reviewed various published journals and identified various disposal practices to build a conceptual model for disposal practices of household medicines. By extending that research, a specific study that carried out in Tiruchirappalli district in Tamilnadu state. A total of 300 customers were participated in this study from various medical stores. Questionnaire was aimed to examine the disposal practices of pharmaceutical medicines and its implication on environment. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. The main objective of this study is to estimate the quantum of medicines disposed by customers and its impact on environment.

Oxadiazole, a heterocyclic nucleus has attracted a wide attention of the chemist in search for the new therapeutic molecules. Some of the recent studies show that oxadiazole are reported to possess an anti-tubercular, anti-epileptic, analgesic, hypnotic, and sedative activity.1 Catechol is a chemical, but a catechol may also be used as the name of a substance, where it represents a 1, 2-dihydroxy benzene group2. In the present study 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole and phenyl amino benzene 1,2 -diol derivatives were docked against methoxymycolic acid synthase-2 and synthesized using reflux condensation reaction. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental and spectral methods. Compounds RSP1, RSP3 and RSP4 are novel compounds. Anti-tubercular activities of these compounds were carried out using Alamar blue assay method and these compounds exhibited good activity. Compound with phenyl amino benzene 1, 2 diol showed good activity and oxadiazole showed moderate activity compared with standard drugs. RSP1, RSP3, and RSP4 shows good activity at the range of 0.8µg -50ng.RSP6 and RSP7 shows activity at 12.5µg. A further refinement to the structure of the synthesized compounds is expected to yield new outlook to the development of promising molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.