MD

ABSTRACTWith increasing incidences of side effects and adverse drug reactions, the consumer choices are more inclining towards natural products and medicines obtained from natural sources. One such emerging class of products are 'Nutraceuticals'. Nutraceutical is a compound defined as food or parts of a food having health benefits and helps in prevention and treatment of diseases. It includes isolated nutrients, dietary supplements, herbal products and processed foods. Nowadays Nutraceuticals are preferred for providing additional health benefits and for prevention and treatment of diseases due to its safety, potential and therapeutic efficacy. Nutraceuticals have advantage over the drugs or medicines because they are naturally found dietary supplements and don’t have side effects .These are classified into three categories which are Nutrients , Herbals and Dietary supplements .Nowadays, sedentary and passive lifestyles have become common causes of many diseases related to lifestyle, metabolism, weight-related disorders, cardiovascular disorders etc. The incidence of cardio-vascular diseases have been increasing since decades throughout the world. Studies show that India is the highest contributor to the number of cases of cardiovascular diseases. Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) are the most common health problem faced by the populations it may be fatal at later stages. Recent studies have shown that cardiovascular risk factors like obesity, diabetes, hypertension are highly prevalent even in younger generations. Various Nutraceuticals are used for the prevention and treatment of CVD or to reduce the risk factors which leads to CVD , these risk factors are Atherosclerosis, Dyslipidemia , Hypertension , Diabetes Mellitus . Commonly known Nutraceuticals used to treat CVD or reducing its risk factors are Berberine , ?-glucans , Polyphenols , Plant sterols or stanols and these are widely found in plants , foods and food products from plant origin , vegetables , cereals ,

ABSTRACTPrescription is one of the most important transaction between the physician and patient. Drug utilization studies are an important tool to estimate disease prevalence, appropriateness of prescriptions and adherence to evidence-based medicine. Drug utilization studies. Rational use of drugs should follow the RIGHT and SANE principles. The main objective of the study is to understand the concept of Drug Utilization during pregnancy and to understand the process for implementing and performing DUE. Also, to examine patterns and factors associated with medications used in pregnancy. Drug utilization plays a major role in implementing health care professional programs. And it can reduce the irrational prescribing patterns. We conducted a single centered observational analysis of adults of pregnant women who are above 18 years prescribed at lalitha super specialties hospital, kothapet, Guntur. Drug utilization during pregnancy is to examine the factors associated with use of medications during pregnancy and improving rational usage of drugs and reducing irrational prescribing patterns. A Total of 71 Patients were enrolled in the present study during the study period. A larger proportion of drugs are prescribed during their 3rd trimesters i.e. 46.99% followed by 2nd and 1st trimesters. The results shows that major classes of drugs that are prescribed during pregnancy are vitamins 26%, Antibiotic 16% and followed by other classes of drugs. This study concludes that rational usage of drugs in gynecological department is essential for the safe and effective therapeutic outcomes. The patient has followed the rational drug use which leads to safe and institutional delivery without any complications. Keywords: Pregnancy, Drug utilization evaluation, prescription, SANE, Rational Use

Peptic ulcer is a one of the major ailment effecting 10% of the population. Drugs are found by screening compounds against an animal model of human disease. Main aim of the present study is to evaluate anti-ulcer activity of cobalt and nickel derivatives of 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde-2-aminobenzoylhydrazone by pylorus ligation method in albino rats. Anti-ulcer activity was compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium. In pyloric ligation induced ulcer model, the studied parameters were gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, ulcer index and percentage of ulcer protection. In treated groups of nickel and cobalt derivatives total acidity and ulcer index were significantly decreased, gastric pH was increased and there is no significant change in volume of gastric acid secretion, free acidity as compared to control group. Percentage protection increased dose dependently in animal treated with both the derivatives. Group treated with Nickel derivative showed good results as compared to cobalt derivative treated group. These results indicate that both nickel and cobalt quinazolinone derivatives have better potential against ulcer.

Balint syndrome is an uncommon and incompletely understood triad of neuropsychological impairments. Balint syndrome is characterized by dysmetria secondary to visual perceptive defect and inability to recognize more than one object at a time. Balint’s syndrome most often occurs with an acute onset as a consequence of two or more strokes at more or less the same place in each hemisphere, therefore it occurs rarely. Disorders such as tumours, trauma, near drowning, Eclampsia, drug toxicity, HIV encephalitis, Alzheimer’s can also leads to balint syndrome.  It is a strange combination of optic ataxia, Gaze apraxia, Simultanagnosia. Although it has been generally constructed as a biparietal syndrome causing an inability to see more than one object at a time, other lesions and mechanisms are also possible. Key syndrome components are dissociable and comprise a range of disturbances that overlap the hemineglect syndrome. Balint syndrome usually from large and more or less symmetrical lesions involving the posterior parietal region, including extensively the superior parietal lobe, as well as part of the inferior parietal lobe and the superior part of the occipital lobe. Diagnosis of individual components and of the whole syndrome may remain difficult, particularly when elementary motor, sensory, and visual deficits coexist.  Lack of awareness of this syndrome may lead to misdiagnosis and resulting inappropriate or inadequate treatment, therefore clinicians and other healthcare professionals should be familiar with the balint syndrome.  The goal of this review is to explore a range of anatomical and psychological explanations for this disorder.  

This work was carried out to investigate the lipid profile level in ethyl acetate extract of Ganoderma lucidum and atorvastatin in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice.  Ganoderma lucidum and atorvastatin have shown to reduce LDL level 10.4 and 14.59%, TC level 06.76 and 09.78%, TG level 07.40 and 09.82% alongside equipotently increased HDL level to 09.33 and 15.18% respectively in normal mice. However, in case of diabetic mice, these values were 11.61 and 14.46% for LDL, 10.56 and 13.00% for TC, 10.38 and 13.96% for TG, 14.94 and 20.02% for HDL as well. Therefore, these results suggested that, intra peritoneal administration of Ganoderma lucidum have significantly (p

Based on a review of the literature regarding the pathophysiology of hypersecretion across various conditions involving respiratory dysfunction, it would appear there are three main underlying causes for excessive sputum production: hypersecretion of mucus glycoprotein and other glandular products from mucus-producing cells, increased transepithelial chloride secretion, mediated via PGE2, PGF2α, TxB2, excessive transudation of plasma proteins into the respiratory tract. These factors may operate independently or in combination. Asthma is characterised by inflammation, increased luminal mucus, with an increased ratio of MUC5B/MUC5AC and MUC2 present in the mucus, epithelial fragility with loss of ciliated cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, submucosal gland hypertrophy, ‘tethering’ of mucus to goblet cells and plasma exudation. COPD and CF have a similar presentation but with a higher MUC5B/MUC5AC ratio and susceptibility to infection. In contrast with the copious sputum production commonly seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchorrhoea is not a common feature of CF, asthma, COPD or other conditions with bronchiectasis, where sputum volumes are lower, and the clinical issue may be related more to the viscosity of mucus than to its quantity. Although dramatic positive effects on the BAC-related bronchorrhoea were seen with octreotide and gefitinib treatment, it is therefore doubtful whether agonist of the SST receptor is of clinical usefulness in these other conditions. The reduction in sputum production in BAC seen with both octreotide and gefitinib is likely a result of modu­lation of the EGF receptor, which is known to be involved in goblet cell metaplasia, even if other mechanisms of action cannot be ruled out.  As such, the mechanism of action is potentially relevant also for other pathologies, although currently available EGF-R inhibitors (gefitinib, erlotinib) and somatostatin are perhaps less well adapted for chronic therapy. In conclusion, bronchorrhoea appears to be a sporadic rather than characterising manifestation of asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis and non-CF bronchiectasis. As a therapeutic target, therefore, bronchorrhoea is not perceived as a high value proposition in these indications, considering existing treatment options and the clinical and regulatory complexities inherent in demonstrating a favourable risk/benefit ratio in a medically plausible subset of patients.

Antibiotics, analgesics and local anaesthesia are the frequently used drugs during the treatment of dental diseases. These drugs can interact to different drug classes used in different systemic conditions. Some of these interactions are adverse and life threatening to the patients. The dental practitioner should have thorough knowledge about these interactions and methods to prevent and treat the adverse effects. This article will discuss the common possible drug interactions and their adverse effects in clinical dental practice.

Skin is being complex and the largest organ of the body, is vulnerable to wide range of diseases, like malignancy. It is most exposed part to harsh environment and its pollutants. Like increase in amount of Ultraviolet radiations involved in tumor induction and also co-carcinogen, ionizing radiation, nitrogen mustard, electron beam irradiation, chemical carcinogens, Viral infections acting as direct carcinogens or as promoting agents are predisposed to cutaneous malignancies. Diagnosis of skin tumors depends on correlating clinical clues and histological features. This study “occurrence of malignant tumors of skin in Karnataka” was carried out for 18 months, from 2005 to 2007. 54 skin tumors were studied. Out of these 40 were malignant tumors 74.07%.Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of cancer patients. Unlike in the Western countries, SCC is the commonest histological variety. In India, the carcinogenic potential of both chemicals and radiation cannot be ignored.