Antioxidant

ABSTRACTCosmetics are the external preparations, which are applied to the skin, hair, nails for various purposes like protecting, covering, colouring, beautifying, cleansing and nourishing. Lip Balm is one of the beauty products that soothe dryness and chapping and assist sore lips to experience better. Antioxidants can be used to protect the skin from damage caused by oxidation to prevent premature aging. Walnut Oil is an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are help to protect from several harmful effects to the lips. Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) contains an effective amaranth colorant referred to as betacyanin pigment. The application of natural colour derived from the Red Dragon fruit is safe and can act as a natural dye that has anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties which do not affect the colour and texture of the lip balm. The dragon fruit herbal lip balm is a natural, effective, and sustainable alternative to traditional lip balms. Its unique blend of ingredients provides excellent moisturization, protection, and antioxidant benefits, making it an attractive option for consumers seeking a healthy and natural lip care solution. The aim of the research was to formulate and evaluate herbal lip balm incorporated with walnut oil and red dragon fruit. Keywords: Walnut Oil, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Red Dragon Fruit, Herbal Lip balm.

ABSTRACTHibiscus sabdariffa Linn. is an annual herbaceous shrub, cultivated for its flowers although leaves and seeds have also been used in traditional medicine. The plant is reported to contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates, flavonoids, acids, minerals and vitamins. The plant has been reported to have antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer and antioxidant properties. The present paper is an overview on its pharmacological properties reported in the literature. Keyword: Hibiscus sadariffa, Antihypertensive, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoids etc.

ABSTRACTFree radicals are molecules containing one or more unpaired electrons in their outmost atomic or molecular orbital have emerged as double edged swords. current investigation showed that they can be both beneficial (e.g. required for normal physiological functioning) or deleterious (e.g. produce oxidative stress and responsible for various disease). Thus, it is important to understand all the aspects of free radicals while working in the this field.  The present review provides a brief overview on free radicals and their role in normal physiology,  oxidative stress, antioxidants and their evaluation. Keywords:  Free radicals, Antioxidant, Oxidative stress

ABSTRACTBauhinia variegata (Family: Fabaceae) is well-known medicinal plant used from the ancient era to till date for their medicinal values. The powerful biological activities as exhibited by plant flavonoids posed the need of determining their contents in B. variegata stem bark. In view of its wide use and its chemical compositions, this study was aimed at examining and comparative analysis of the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the different extracts of stem bark. Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed as percentage of DPPH, super oxide and nitric oxide free radicals inhibition and expressed asIC50 values (?g/mL). Methanolic extracts of B. variegata showed the highest amount of and ?avonoid contents and reducing capacity whereas, chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of B. variegata showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against HCT-116, A549 and ethyl acetate extracts showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against Ovcer-5 human cancer cell lines. The order of antioxidant activity in B. variegata extracts displayed from higher to lower level as methanol, hydro-alcoholic, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of stem bark of B. variegata. Commercial standards were taken as control showed highest antioxidant power in the present study. Chemical components of B. variegata have good antioxidant capacities and this species could be used as a potential source of new natural antioxidants. Keywords: Antioxidant; Bauhinia variegata; Cytotoxicity; Stem bark extract; Total flavonoids.

The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Teminalia catappa (ALTC).  Antioxidant activity of the ALTC was determined by following some well established methods for free radical scavenging such as superoxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and DPPH radical scavenging activities using ascorbic acid as standard. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using HRBC membrane stabilization assay and albumin denaturation assay using diclofenac as standard.  Treatment with ALTC showed dose dependent activity against superoxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and DPPH radicals. The ALTC showed significantly stabilization of membrane and denaturation of protein at a concentration range of 100-500µg/ml.  The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Teminalia catappa might be due to the anthocyanins in pericarp. Key words: Teminalia catappa, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory activity

Diabetes alters the biochemical pathways of body and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cardiovascular diseases. Compounds showing antioxidant activity could have a protective role against cardiovascular disease in diabetes. The current study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of senna (Cassia angustifolia) and/or fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control, diabetic (60 mg·kg⁻¹of STZ), diabetic rats treated with senna (150mg/kg/day), diabetic rats administered with fennel (120mg/kg/day) and diabetic rats administered with a combination of senna and fennel. Diabetic rats demonstrated a substantial increment in the levels of blood glucose, lipid profile, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, nitric oxide and xanthine oxidase accompanied with a noteworthy decline in reduced glutathione content, vitamin C level and catalase activity in heart tissues with comparison to the control group. Daily oral treatment of senna or fennel aqueous extract for 4 consecutive weeks showed a marked attenuation of oxidative stress in heart tissues. Combination of both senna and fennel extracts exhibited more amelioration than these extracts alone and reversed the adverse effect of diabetes in rats by bringing blood glucose levels and lipid profile near to that of control.  The present investigation has demonstrated that treatment with a combination of senna and fennel extracts in STZ induced diabetes in rats show significant antidiabetic activity and pronounced cardioprotective effects.

Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent health issue throughout the world, is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which affects the integrity of the lysosomal membrane affecting lysosomal enzymes. It is diagnosed by the presence of hyperglycemia. Natural products as antioxidants can constrict the effect of these ROS. Therefore, treatment of diabetic patients with antioxidant, such as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) may be of advantage in attenuating certain complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic role of olive oil against hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups (6 rats per group). Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Group 1 served as non-diabetic control (NC) and group 2 as diabetic control (DC). Animals in groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with metformin, olive oil and combination of olive oil with metformin respectively. Rats in group 6 were given olive oil orally for 2 weeks daily before induction of diabetes and then throughout the study. All treatments were gavaged orally for six weeks. The effect of olive oil was assessed by measuring the changes in body weight of rats, determination of glycemic control and estimation of oxidative stress markers. The results showed the significant increase in blood glucose level, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. While as the body weight of rats and insulin were significantly reduced in DC rats. Moreover, MDA level remained higher in diabetic rats treated with metformin and/or olive oil. In contrast, pretreatment with olive oil significantly decreased blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Furthermore, treatment of olive oil with metformin decreased blood glucose and HbA1c levels but it increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly. In conclusion, pretreatment with olive oil to protect against diabetes and the combined treatment of olive oil with metformin to animals might offer additional antidiabetic and antioxidant effect to metformin. Therefore, it could be a promising strategy for diabetes therapy. We recommend more investigations on humans to study the complementary effect of combination of olive oil and metformin on body tissues.

The aim of this study was to characterize the toxic effect of acrylamide (ACR) on sciatic nerve and brain of rats; and examine the protective effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and vitamin-E on sciatic nerve and cerebrum injury induced by acrylamide. This study was performed at King Fahad Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 49 adult wistar rats (250 ± 20g) of 60 days age were divided into seven groups (control, acrylamide alone, acrylamide + 5-ASA, acrylamide + vitamin -E, acrylamide + 5-ASA + vitamin-E, vitamin-E alone, 5-ASA alone). After 5 days of acrylamide treatment, rats were observed for 24 hours and sacrificed. Histopathology for the brain and sciatic nerve were performed. Administration of acrylamide produced neuronal damage in rats. No significant changes were observed in lactate dehydrogenase serum level and rats’ body weight. Injection of acrylamide treated rats with vitamin-E and 5-ASA concomitantly showed strong improvement in general histology of neurons. However, good improvement in morphology of sciatic nerve was observed after injection of 5-ASA to ACR-treated rats. Compared to this improvement by 5-ASA, treatment of vitamin-E to ACR-treated rats also exhibited marked improvement in morphology of sciatic nerve (myelin  and vacuolar-like degeneration).  We concluded that ACR induced neuronal damage in nervous tissue of rats mainly by the induction of lipid peroxidation. 5-ASA and vitamin E as powerful antioxidants, played a protective role against acrylamide neurotoxicity. On histological level, Vitamin-E showed more protection in comparison to 5-ASA.

The aim of this work was to study the association between subacute acrylamide  exposure and prostate toxicity in male rats; and to compare the effect of two known antioxidants: Vitamin-E and 5- aminosalicylic acid on the induced prostate toxicity in male rats. King Fahad Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 49 adult wistar rats (250 ± 20g) of 60 days age were divided into seven groups (control, acrylamide alone, acrylamide + 5-aminosalicylic acid, acrylamide + Vitamin -E, acrylamide + 5-aminosalicylic acid + Vitamin-E, Vitamin-E alone, 5-aminosalicylic acid alone). After 5 days of acrylamide oral gavage, rats were observed for 24 hours and sacrificed. Histopathology for the prostate and testosterone hormone were carried out. No significant changes were observed in testosterone, lactate dehydrogenase serum level and rats’ body weight. Rats treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid alone did not show any protection against acrylamide induced prostate toxicity. Further Vitamin-E alone did not show any protection against acrylamide induced prostate toxicity. Interestingly, injection of acrylamide treated rats with both Vitamin-E and 5-aminosalicylic acid concomitantly showed moderate improvement in the general histology of the prostate toxicity induced by acrylamide. Injection of acrylamide treated rats with 5-aminosalicylic acid or Vitamin-E alone did not show protective effect on acrylamide induced prostate toxicity on the level of prostate histology. However concomitant treatment of acrylamide treated rats with both antioxidants showed moderate improvement in general prostate histological structure.

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum) of different ripening stages contains different biochemicals that might be altered by the cooking processes practiced in the different part of this country. The present study was designed to analyze their in vitro antioxidant profile before and after thermal processing in water at different temperatures and pH. Thermal processing was done at 60oC, 80oC and 100oC, whereas pH 5.0 and 9.0 were also used for extraction. The assays performed included DPPH radical decolorization assay, reducing power assay and assay for total phenolic contents. It was observed that the reducing power and total phenolic content improved in case of all the three different maturity stages of the vegetable after thermal processing and pH dependent extraction. DPPH radical scavenging ability, however, was diminished. This indicated that non-polar antioxidants were not extracted in the extraction conditions. Improved antioxidant profile in aqueous assay systems was probably due to better solublization of the polar antioxidants in hot water and different acid-base conditions. Improvement in the total phenolic contents substantiated the radical scavenging abilities of the three variants after aqueous extraction.