ABSTRACT

Infectious diseases caused 13.2 million deaths in 2023, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) contributing 1.3 million deaths annually and posing a $100 trillion economic threat by 2050. This review explores advancements in infectious diseases pharmacology, including AMR mechanisms, novel therapeutics, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), antimicrobial stewardship, genomic surveillance, artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery, global health policies, pandemic preparedness, vaccine development, One Health approaches, and clinical case studies. Innovations like cefiderocol, mRNA vaccines, bacteriophage therapies, and AI-driven drug design, supported by clinical trials, address resistant pathogens. Images of diseases like tuberculosis, Candida auris, and MRSA, integrated within relevant sections, enhance clinical understanding. Integrated strategies are vital to combat AMR and improve global health.

Keywords: Infectious diseases, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Pharmacology, Novel therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), Artificial intelligence (AI), Antimicrobial stewardship, Vaccine development, Genomic surveillance, One Health

ABSTRACT

A simple, accurate, precise, and cost-effective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan and Cilnidipine in bulk and marketed tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent C18 column (250mm × 4.6mm, 5 ?m) with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) in a 90:10 v/v ratio, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength of 254 nm. Method validation followed ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines for system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. The method showed linearity over the range of 40–240 ?g/mL for Telmisartan and 10–60 ?g/mL for Cilnidipine, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9998 for both drugs. The method was found to be accurate, precise (%RSD < 2%), robust, and suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical formulations.

Keywords: Telmisartan, Cilnidipine, RP-HPLC, Method Validation, ICH Q2(R1), Fixed-Dose Combination

ABSTRACT

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising tool for overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering drugs to the Central Nervous System (CNS). This mini-review provides an overview of recent advancements in nanotechnology to improve blood-brain barrier penetration. It covers different approaches, such as using targeted ligands and receptors, engineered carriers and transporters, and surface modifications for targeting the blood-brain barrier. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and metallic nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc oxide, are discussed in the context of their unique properties and applications. Preclinical and clinical advances in nanotechnology-based BBB delivery are discussed, including transcellular nanotechnology-based brain drug delivery and preclinical and clinical studies of nanocarriers for CNS disorders. Although nanotechnology has shown great potential for treating CNS diseases, several challenges remain. The major challenges and future perspectives for constructing brain-targeted delivery systems are also discussed, particularly limitations associated with the blood-brain barrier and clinical obstacles to CNS disease treatment.

Keywords: Nanoparticles; Blood brain barrier; Drug delivery systems; engineered carriers, Alzheimer disease, Liposomes.