ABSTRACT

Those substances that cause an unnatural increase in the humors but do not expel them out of body are called Viruddha ahara. Hence, they are more antagonistic than nourishing to the tissues. Many of food materials mentioned in this context in treatises cannot be identified. The interaction is more important. There is concept of drug-drug or food-drug interaction in modern medicine also. In today’s era most of these incompatibilities can be explained chemically and ultimately, leading to ama formation in body. Amavata develops due to conglomeration of ama and vata. According to Ayurveda, ama plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease, which is formed mainly due to decrease in digestive power. Acharya Madhava has described various types of nidana responsible for the development of Amavata and viruddha ahara is one of them which plays the most crucial point in today’s era. Viruddha ahara causes vitiation in agni causing vitiation in doshas and vice-versa.

Keywords: Viruddha ahara, Amavata, Ama agni.

ABSTRACT

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. Due to its lethal nature, this filovirus is classified as a biological class 4 pathogen. The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown. As a result, little is understood about how Ebola virus(EBOV) is transmitted or how it replicates in its host. Although the primary source of infection is unknown, the epidemiologic mode of transmission is well defined. A variety of tests have proven to be specific and useful for Ebola virus identification. There is no FDA-approved antiviral treatment for EHF. Since there is no specific treatment outside of supportive management and palliative care, containment of this potentially lethal virus is paramount. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. But now, the virus seems to have enthralled the global interest due to its lethal prospective. EHF outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The research is ongoing on development of making vaccine to curb this virus yet licensed success or specific treatment is not achieved. Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. In this article we discussed the recent approaches for the treatment of EHF.

Keywords: Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, Marburgvirus, ELISA.

ABSTRACT

Athletes are fortitude to use high-intensity training to prepare for competitions. They uses their entire stamina for their practice to show their better performances in various competitions. In this current review we would like to illustrate the probable effects lead by the high-intensity interval and resistance training on endurance performance and their related physiological measures of competitive endurance in athletes. A total number of 22 relevant training studies were taken in the present study. The training classification was based as per intervals (supramaximal, maximal, submaximal) and resistance (including explosive, plyometrics, and weights). All effects were converted on performance into percent changes by mean power and included physiological effects on measures that impact fortitude performance. The Endurance performance of the longest durations were enhanced mostly by the intervals of maximal and supramaximal intensities (~6%), but resistance training had smaller effects (~2%). Interval training achieved its effects through improvements of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold and economy, whereas resistance training had benefits mainly on economy. Effects of some forms of high-intensity training on performance or physiology were unclear. All but one study was performed in non-competitive phases of the athletes’ programs, when there was a little or no high-intensity training. Endurance performance of the shortest durations was enhanced most by supramaximal intervals (~4%) and explosive sport-specific resistance training (4-8%). The present study concludes that addition of explosive resistance and high-intensity interval training to a generally low-intensity training program will produce substantial gains in performance.

Keywords: aerobic, anaerobic threshold, economy, plyometrics, resistance, strength.

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in 45 clinically diagnosed patients of Grathita condition of Raktapitta^1,3with respect to deep vein thrombosis. These patients were divided into three groups of 15 patients each as Group A ,Group B, Group C. Patients of group A were recommended injection Heparin 5000 IU 8hrly by intravenous route according to weight and severity of the disease, Patient of group B were administered KamalanaalKshara in the dose of 500mg BD for 30 days with Anupana of Madhu and Ghrita in an unequal quantity and Patients of Group C were recommended with both injection Heparin 5000 IU 8hrly by intravenous route as well KamalanaalKshara in the dose of 500mg BD with Anupana of Madhu and Ghrita in an unequal dose simultaneously. It was observed that the patients of Group C treated with injection Heparin and KamalanaalKshara showed maximum percentage of symptomatic improvement i.e. it showed highly significant values for four parameter whereas in Group B , it was highly significant for 3 parameter, significant for one parameter and that of Group A, it was highly significant for 3 parameters.Present clinical study involved administration of Kshara, so to check out there any subjective disturbance going on, for that author studied the parameters for subjective improvement as in CH.VI.8 (Rogibala Pariksha), they were also found significant.

Keywords: -GrathitaRaktapitta, KamalanaalKshara, Deep vein Thrombosis, Madhu and Ghrita

ABSTRACT

To find out the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea obscura (L.) by means of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Ethanolic extract of the leaves were developed in the mobile phase of formic acid, water, n-hexane-ethyl acetate using standard procedures and scanned under UV at 366nm, 254nm and under visible light. The HPTLC fingerprinting of the ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea obscura (L.) showed the presence of 7 Flavonoids, 5 Alkaloids, 5 Terpenoids. From this analysis, it has showed that flavonoids are rich in Ipomoea obscura (L.). The intensive study on the out coming active constituents of Ipomoea obscura (L.) will lead to the discovery of a novel botanical drug.

Keywords: Ipomoea obscura, HPTLC, Flavonoid, Fingerprinting profile.

ABSTRACT

The Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae) is one of the medicinal plants, Native to North America, commonly distributed in various regions of Kashmir. The plant is used as an antispasmodium, febrifuge, antioxidant;diuretic, emollient, antitumor etc. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer, antibacterial potentials of Robinia pseudoacacia along with the phytochemical screening of the major constituents of the aforesaid plant. The extracts of the Robinia pseudoacacia were phytochemically screened for the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids Saponins, Tannins, and Phenols. However the positive results for the detection of Flavonoids, Tannins and phenols were obtained. Further, the Methanolic extract of the same plant was evaluated for its anti-microbial activities where 100mg/ml of the extract showed between 12-19mm inhibitory zones on the test organism. The aforementioned plant’s ethanolic extract also showed anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines – C6, MFC, T47D and A549 using MTT assay.

Keywords: Robinia pseudoacacia, antibacterial, anticancer, MTT.

ABSTRACT

The implants, which are to be implanted under the skin (usually of the thigh or abdomen) with a special injector or by surgical incisions. Implants, are considered as a useful drug delivery system especially in chronic disorders. Literature survey revealed that numerous studies have been conducted on subcutaneous Implants to investigate use of different polymers for controlling the drug release for prolonged therapy, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodyanamics of subcutaneous Implants, the safety of the polymers. In this investigation, it was planned to prepare implants of Lornoxicam, the NSAID by using gelatin as polymer and glycerin as a plasticizer, under aseptic conditions. The implants weighing 10 mg were hardened with Formaldehyde. The formulated implants were evaluated for thickness, wt variation, drug content uniformity, free Formaldehyde, drug polymer interaction and sterility. In vitro drug release studies were conducted in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The stability studies were carried out at ambient temperature for 3 months.

Keywords: Lornoxicam, gelatin, subcutaneous implants.

ABSTRACT

Arishtas are one of the most important traditional Ayurvedic formulations claimed to be beneficial for various ailments. The present investigation evaluated two well known Arishtas available in the market, Arjunarishta [Parthadyarishta] and Dashamularishta with respect to various physico-chemical parameters, active phytochemical groups and microbiological quality parameters.  Additionally, a simple and rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) fingerprinting was developed for both Arjunarishta and Dashamularishta for evaluation of quality as well as to check batch to batch consistency.

Keywords: Arjunarishta, Dashamularishta, Phytochemical, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

ABSTRACT

The objective of our study was to formulate and evaluate bioadhesive gel for mixed vaginal infections. The combination of voriconazole and metronidazole were selected as model drugs for mixed vaginal infections. The bioadhesive gels were prepared with different ratios carbopol934. These bioadhesive gels was were characterized for Fourier transform infrared, content uniformity studies, in vitro bioadhesive studies, pH determination, spreadability test, extruability and in vitro release study in simulated vaginal fluid. The cumulative percent release of metronidazole from gels was found to be 55.10% and voriconazole was 68.90 % at the end of 7^th hour. Among all the formulations F1 was found to be having good spreadability and viscosity with good in vitro release characteristics. All the performed experiments confirm the applicability of bioadhesive gels for the local treatment of mixed vaginal infections.

Keywords: Carbopol, Mixed vaginal infections, vaginal gel

ABSTRACT

A simple, accurate, rapid and reproducible UV-Spectroscopy method have been developed and validated for the estimation of Dexmedetomidine HCl in pure and dosage form. The absorbance of drug measured at 214nm wavelength in 0.9% NaCl solution. The range of linearity was found to be 2-10 µg/mL with the linearity equation of Y=0.0499x + 0.0517 and correlation coefficient is 0.9988. Developed method was validated according to the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The % RSD values for interday and intraday were found to be less than 2%. And % Recovery were in between 99.88-100.12%. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.060 and 0.183 respectively. The result concluded that the developed method is accurate, precise and reproducible.

Key words: Dexmedetomidine HCl, 0.9% NaCl, UV Spectrophotometric method.

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical care concept was introduced in Nigeria about a decade ago. Professional leadership have been advocating on the need for pharmacists to adopt the practice. However, most policy changes need some form of intervention to facilitate their adoption. Hence, this research is an original and maiden one in this geographical region to investigate the views of pharmacists on the type/s of intervention necessary to improve Pharmaceutical Care practice. A descriptive study was carried out with a questionnaire between the months of January and March, 2013 among 205 out of estimated 400 pharmacists practicing in Rivers and Bayelsa States of Nigeria. Data collected was subjected to descriptive analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 15. The study revealed that 23% of pharmacists were satisfied with their level of practice. The most significant option for the type/s of intervention needed was ‘Inter professional relationship/Advocacy’-48%, followed by. ‘Making favorable laws’-41%. On method/s of capacity building ‘Institution based capacity building’ and ‘Improving practice setting’ were preferred and rated equally. Pharmacists preferred to ‘Improve documentation practices’ and or ‘Improve information and communication gadgets’, both were rated equally. Pharmacists would like to improve their practice of Pharmaceutical Care .They realize they need to be better equipped but feel that  challenges like ‘Inter professional rapport/Advocacy’ and ‘Making favorable Laws’ must first be tackled. Their views suggest that the current environment does not encourage the practice of the concept and so a deliberate, articulate plan and strategy should be employed to improve the practice.

Keywords: Pharmacists' views, Necessary intervention, Pharmaceutical care

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to evaluate the release modifying potential of mucilage extracted from the Artocarpus heterophyllus in the formulation of oral sustained release tablets of diclofenac sodium. Preformulation studies performed on isolated mucilage involved the determination of physicochemical properties as well as flow properties of the mucilage. Compatibility studies including FTIR spectral analysis and drug-excipients compatibility studies showed no signs of incompatibility between drug, isolated gums or mucilage’s and other excipients. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablet formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using different drug: mucilage ratios viz. 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s index and carr’s index for granules while tablets were evaluated for various post-compression parameters like tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, content uniformity, disintegration time, swelling behaviour and in-vitro drug release study. Among all the formulations, AH-3 and AH-4 showed a slow and complete drug release of 99.21% and 98.16%, respectively, over the period of 12 hrs and thereby exhibited satisfactory sustained drug release phenomenon. All the formulations follow zero order kinetics indicating that the drug diffuses at a comparatively slower rate. Finally, it was concluded that, Artocarpus heterophyllus mucilage can be used as drug release modifier in a particular concentration range and serve as a good binding agent in formulating oral sustained release matrix tablets.

Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus, Diclofenac sodium, Mucilage, Release kinetics.

ABSTRACT

Clerodendrum splendens is a twining evergreen climber, commonly known as Bharangi. The shrub is native to tropical Western Africa, is commonly cultivated in gardens for its brilliant scarlet flower in many parts of India. Clerodendrum species are rich source of flavanoids and diterpenoids compounds hence plant extracts are traditionally used as antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory. No scientific work is yet reported on Clerodendrum splendens, hence present work was undertaken to establish analagesic and anti-inflammatory potential of the stem, leaves and flower extracts. Stem, leaves and flowers of the plant was collected, authenticated, shade dried and extracted successively with various solvents. Analgesic activity was assessed by hot plate method and acetic acid induced writing test in swiss albino mice and anti inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method in rats at 50 mg/kg, i.p. dose. Ethyl acetate extract of leaves showed most significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords: Clerodendrum splendens, antihistaminic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory.

ABSTRACT

Aeromonas sp. are opportunistic pathogens causing a wide range of diseases including urinary tract infection, peritonitis, gastroenteritis. Special attention was paid to Aeromonas sp. due to its association with a wide range of human illnesses. In the present study a total of 200 Aeromonas sp. were isolated from 350 fish samples. All the isolates were tested for resistance to 10 antibiotics and all the isolates were resistant to methicillin and erythromicin, 97% to rifampicin, 91% to vancomycin, 85% towards trimethoprim, 82% towards cefaperazone, 81% to cefamendole, 62% towards tetracycline, 58% to chloramphenicol and 59% to gentamicin. The least percentage of the resistance was shown towards chloramphenicol. The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Aeromons sp showed that all of them originated from high risk sources.

Keywords: Aeromonas, Fish, Antibiotic resistance.

ABSTRACT

Migraine is a debilitating chronic disease that affects approximately 36 million of the United States population. The objective of the study is to investigate the prevalence and patient’s socio demographic characteristics associated with under treatment of migraine in the US. ambulatory care settings. A retrospective population-based study was conducted by analyzing a national database from 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). The NAMCS is a national probability sample survey conducted annually by the National Center for Health Statistics. All patient visits coded with a diagnosis of migraine were included in the study. A series of weighted descriptive analyses were used to estimate the prevalence of prescription medications recommended in the American Neurology Association latest practice guidelines on migraine. A multivariate logistic regression was conducted to predict the maximum likelihood of migraine pharmacotherapy associated with patient’s socio demographic characteristics. An estimated total of 5.45 million outpatient visits related to migraines occurred in the US. Only 3.08 million visits (56.48%) received at least one migraine prescription. Abortive drugs were prescribed much more than prophylaxis drugs (68.8% vs 31.2%). The results from logistic regression identified patient’s gender (OR=0.164, 95%CI: 0.034 – 0.790), race (OR=0.123, 95%CI: 0.029 – 0.520), and ethnicity (OR=0.075, 95%CI: 0.006 – 0.927) contribute significant impacts on the migraine treatment. The study revealed that under treatment of migraine is a significant problem in the US. Future studies are recommended to explore intervention and educational strategies to ensure physicians are well-informed evidence-based practice guidelines and provide timely and appropriate treatment for people with Migraine.

Keywords: Migraine, Population-Based, Undertreatment, NAMCS.

ABSTRACT

Tannin acyl hydrolase also known as tannase (EC 3.1.1.20) is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of (hydrolysable) tannins such as tannic acid, resulting glucose and gallic acid. The enzyme has wide applications in food, beverage, brewing and chemical industries. It is mainly used for the preparation of Gallic acid, instant tea, wine, coffee flavored soft drinks, clarification of beer and fruit juices. Enhancement of tannase production is required to meet its current demand. The aim of the present study is to enhance the production of tannase enzyme using Aspergillus flavus (MTCC 3783) using Redgram Husk as substrate in a 3L fermenter by batch and fed-batch fermentation. By applying a fed-batch strategy, production of tannase could be almost doubled as compared to Batch fermentation using the substrate Redgram Husk with the yield of 160.14 U/ml and 88.46 U/ml respectively. The maximum production of tannase using Redgram Husk showed the suitability of this culture process for industrial-scale development.

Keywords: Tannase, Fed batch fermentation, Redgram Husk, Aspergillus flavus

ABSTRACT

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) are frequently found in urinary calculi (stones). Calcium chelation by citric acid can play a major role in chelation therapy of naphrolithiasis. COM crystals were grown in laboratory using gel growth method, and the inhibitory effect of aqueous citrate on the growth of COM crystals was studied. The results indicate that with an increase in the concentration of citrate, the mass and number of the formed crystals was gradually reduced. The crystals were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the functional groups and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses to confirm the phases of the COM and COD crystals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the morphology of the crystals changed from elongated hexagonal to tetragonal bipyramidal, which is characteristic of a change from COM to COD. This study confirms that the use of citrate can promote the formation of COD crystals and reduce the nucleation rate of COM crystals, a major component of oxalate urinary stones.

Keywords: Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate, Citrate inhibitor, Nucleation, Characterization, Crystal Morphology, X-Ray Diffraction

ABSTRACT

Main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Unani formulation in the management of Marz Akyas Khusyatur Rehm (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) and to provide the safe, economic and effective alternative therapy for the patients of Marz Akyas Khusyatur Rehm (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome). A randomized single blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out on 70 patients was at A&U Tibbia College and Hospital Karol Bagh New Delhi. After obtaining ethical clearance, 70 eligible patients was randomly assigned into test and control groups. Test group was administered with 6 gm of Unani formulation orally in the morning and same dose in the evening for three months while control group was given placebo for the same period of time as that of test drug. Written informed consent was sought from every subject before inclusion in the study. Present study was completed within a period of one year. Response was measured by the assessment of pictorial blood loss of assessment, acne, obesity, Hirsutism staging score (Ferrimans Gallewey Score), Acanthosis Nigrican grading, BMI, Serum LH, Serum FSH, LH/FSH ratio, Serum Testosterone and Serum Prolactin. Patient was called for follow up on every 15^th day.  The result was statistically analyzed by applying ‘t’test, χ² test and one way Annova. Test group showed strongly significant decrease in LH/FSH ratio (p<0.0001), decrease in Serum LH concentration (p<0.0001), F.G score (P=0.0440), USG study after 3 month is normal in 17 patients out of 35 patients and PBACscore (p<0.0001). The study revealed that test drug appeared to be beneficial in PCOS patients by decreasing LH/FSH ratio, improving PBAC score, decreasing F.G score and increasing fertility rate without any adverse reaction hence can be safely recommended in PCOS patients.

Keywords: Unani Medicine, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Herbal medicine, Marz Akyas Khusyatur Rehm.

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is a common disease and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Occurrence of oxidation and peroxidation is one of the unfavorable consequences of hypertension on molecular systems. Large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that subjects with hypertension have a marked increase in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypomagnesemia, hypertriglyceridemia.  Paraoxonase1(PON1),an HDL bounded enzyme, protects LDL from oxidative stress by destroying biologically active phospholipids . Human serum PON1 activity was shown to be inversely related to the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and low PON1 activities were observed in atherosclerotic, hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive patients .

Keywords: Hypertension, Oxidative Stress, Paraoxonase 1, LDL