ABSTRACT

Cancer is a major obstruction to the growing world. The reason for this crisis is modification of lifestyle management and alteration in food intake. Fruits and vegetables are rich in phenolic and phytochemical compounds which provide chemoprotective properties. Utilization of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of recurring diseases. Apple is an important part of food chain rich in source of phenolic compounds that provides chemoprotective activity. Apple and mango skin contains more nutritional value than any other fruit, which inhibits cancer cells. Apple and Mango peels are the key by-product during processing of apples and mangoes. This study is a literature based review defining the comparison of phenolic compounds in apple peel and mango peel.

Keywords: Polyphenols, apple peel, mango peel, anticancer.

ABSTRACT

Role of Ghiza (Diet) in health and disease is accepted in Unani system of medicine since thousand years. Hippocrates (BC 460-370) elaborated the importance of Makul (diet) for healthy life according to age. This concept said that diet becomes Badal Ma Tahallul (wear of tear). It plays an important role in maintaining the harmony of Akhlat Arba (four humors). In the old age, one should be careful about schedule and quantity of Ghiza. Legend Unani philosophers and physicians had given attention towards its essentiality to save and promote the health of elders. They elaborated types and Mizaj (temprament), as well as quantity of Ghiza systematically. Unani scholars recommended specific diet in specific seasons, ages and in specific diseases. This review article aims at surveying the classical unani literature to explore the diet and its essentiality in elderly.

Keywords: Ghiza; Akhlat Arba; Geriatrics; Health; Unani Medicine

ABSTRACT

Two simple, sensitive selective accurate and economical spectrophotometric methods Method A&B for the determination of feropenem in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) have been described in the present work. Method - A is based on the formation of  red colored ion-association complex between feropenem and methiline blue (MB) exhibiting absorption maximum at 650nm and obeying Beer’s law in the concentration range of 4-20µg/ml. The Method - B is based on the formation of Ion-association complex between feropenem and safranine-o(SFO) to yield an yellow colored chromogen exhibiting absorption maximum at 520nm(Method B) and obeying Beer’s law in the concentration range of 4-20µg/ml. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out for the proposed methods revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods developed by the author could be successfully extended to the commercial pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) containing feropenem.

Keywords:  Feropenem, Linearity, Validation

ABSTRACT

A convenient, simple, accurate, precise and reproducible RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Linezolid in the bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The objective was achieved under optimized chromatographic conditions on Welchrom C₁₈ isocratic column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid chromatograph. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile: water 50:50 v/v, with apparent pH of 6.8. The separation was attained using an isocratic elution method with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min at room temperature. The detection was made at a wavelength of 254nm by using UV- Visible detector.  The retention time for Linezolid molecule was found to be 2.813.The standard calibration plot was linear over a concentration range of 2-10 µg/mL with r²= 1 and the respective linear regression equation being y= 177.1x + 0.030.The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.04µg/mL and 0.014µg/mL respectively. The amount of Linezolid presents in the bulk drug 99.81%and in the formulation 99.81% of the stated amount respectively. The method was validated statistically using the %RSD and the values are found to be within the limits. No interference peaks from Excipients and relative retention time indicated the specificity of the Method.  The recovery studies were performed and mean percentage recoveries were found to be greater than 99% with RSD less than 1.0%. So the proposed method was found to be simple, specific, linear, robust and reproducible. Hence this method was conveniently and easily applied for routine analysis of Linezolid in bulk drug and tablet dosage form.

Keywords: Linezolid, RP-HPLC, Validation.

ABSTRACT

Some novel 4-(aryliidineamino)-5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethyl)-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were prepared from the  reaction of carbon-di-sulphide and hydrazine hydrate in water to produce thiocarbohydrazides. The thiocarbohydrazides is then refluxed with ibuprofen for 2 hour, followed by cooling to room temperature and washing with sodium bicarbonate solution to produce  5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethyl)-4H-1,2,4- triazole-3-thiole. It is then refluxed with different aldehydes in the presence of ethanol and HCl to produce the title compounds. The synthesized compounds are recrystallized from ethanol and are analyzed for their physical and spectral data. They are screened for their anti-microbial activity and it was found that the title compounds are found to have moderate to good antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: 1,2,4-triazoles, spectral analysis, anti-microbial activity.

ABSTRACT

This study attempt to evaluate the antioxidant activities of oral β-Carotene and topical lycopene on burn wounds healing in rat model, partial thickness thermal burn wounds were inflicted in all groups of animals. Group I was assigned as Control, Group II was received beta carotene (oral), Group III was received  Lycopene( topical) and Group IV was received beta carotene orally plus topically applied Lycopene. The parameters observed were epithelization period, percentage of wound contraction and TBARS levels and SOD levels as indicative of the process of healing. The mean values of the epithelization period was significantly reduced in beta carotene plus lycopene topically applied group of rats as compared to control group of rats. The mean values of the epithelization period was slightly decrease in beta carotene treated rats and topically applied lycopene treated rats when compared to control group of rats. The percentage of wound contraction was significantly increased in beta carotene plus topically applied lycopene group of rats when compared to control group of rats. The percentage of wound contraction was slightly increased in beta carotene treated rats and as well as only topically applied lycopene when compared to control group of rats. The serum TBARS levels were significantly increased in burn induced control group of rats (group I) compared to the normal or healthy rats. Administration of beta carotene plus topically applied lycopene rats were significantly decreased the levels of serum TBARS as compared with control  rats (groupI). The serum SOD levels were significantly reduced in burn induced rats(group I) as compared with healthy rats. Administration of beta carotene plus topically applied lycopene in rats were significantly increase the SOD levels on 21^st day in comparision with burn induced group of rats (group I). The conclusion clearly shows the beneficial effect of the beta carotene plus topically applied lycopene treatment to enhance the wound healing  in burn.

Key words:  Epithelization, Beta carotene, Lycopene, Wound contraction

ABSTRACT

The alpine and subalpine region of western Himalaya has long been known as one of the world richest treasuries of medicinal plants due to its diverse topographic and climatic conditions. The alpine meadows and subalpine forest ecosystem support mainly medicinal herbs which are very significant for traditional system of medicine. The present study is the outcome of decades of survey carried out in the high altitude region of alpine and subalpine area of Uttarakhand. It evaluated the important herbaceous medicinal plants existing in the region along with their specific habitat, phenology pattern and uses.

Keywords: Herbaceous medicinal plants, alpine and subalpine ecosystem of Himalaya, Uttarakhand.

ABSTRACT

A simple, accurate and precise UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Ezetimibe in bulk and tablet dosage form. This method based on determination of ezetimibe in ethanol: acetic acid (90:10) at 252 nm. Regression analysis of Beer’s plots showed good correlation in concentration range of 2- 20 µg/ml for Ezetimibe. The % recovery was between 100.9 to 102.32% indicating high degree of accuracy of the proposed methods. The results of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery studies were carried out as per ICH guidelines.

Keywords: Ezetimibe, UV-Spectroscopic method, recovery studies

ABSTRACT

Diabetic neuropathy has been reported as the most common complication of Diabetes mellitus. The antiepileptic agents along with the neurotrophic agents have been widely used for diabetic neuropathy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the mostly prescribing Pregabalin and Gabapentin with methylcobalamin. It was a prospective study including 200 patients considering 100 in each group. The primary outcome measure was the neuropathic pain scale. Secondary measure included the RAND36 measuring quality of life. Among the total cases collected, females were the highly affected population and patients under the age group of 60-69 years were highly prevalent. The majority of the patients had numbness and aching type of pain distributed in the lower extremities involving foot, toes,hip, leg etc. Hyperglycemia was considered as the major cause of DN. For the primary outcome variable, change in the NPS score was considered. The mean pain score at baseline was almost similar between treatment groups. Among both groups pain score was reduced at the end of the study indicating the pain relieving effect of both therapy. The change in QoL from baseline to the final week was measured in the RAND36 questionnaire. Significant improvement in QoL was reported in both treatment groups. The difference in this improvement among both groups shows a discrepancy. It may be due to the adverse reactions of the therapy. These discrepancies leave us with an equivocal result with regard to the efficacy of treatment groups in improving the QoL.

Keywords: Diabetic mellitus, Diabetic neuropathy, pregabalin, gabapentin, methylcobalamin, hyperglycemia, Neuropathic pain scale, Quality of life

ABSTRACT

The aim of present study was to investigate the In-vitro anti-oxidant and In-vivo diuretic activity of Ethyl acetate extract of Nardostachys jatamansi DC roots in rats. The preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out to identify the various chemical constituents present in Ethyl acetate extract. In-vitro antioxidant activity was measured by using hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reducing power assay, DPPH scavenging activity. Ethyl acetate extract of Nardostachys jatamansi DC roots administered in rats at 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 500mg/kg, orally and compared with furosemide (20mg/Kg, intraperitoneally) as the standard. The diuretic effect of the extracts was evaluated by measuring urine volume, electrolyte concentration, pH, density, conductivity, saluretic index, diuretic index and carbonic anhydrase inhibition ratio. The results were analyzed by One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that ethyl acetate extract of Nardostachys jatamansi DC roots showed significant Anti-oxidant activity. Extract induced strong diuresis at higher doses and was not accompanied with a reduction in urinary K⁺ levels. Further, there was no alkalization of urine. Collectively, these observations suggest that the extract is not acting as potassium-sparing diuretics. Extract showed strong diuretic index, saluretic index, natriuretic index and weak carbonic anhydrase inhibition ratio. The findings concluded that Nardostachys jatamansi DC roots extract exhibit anti-oxidant and diuretic activity and further studies are suggested to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity.

Keywords: Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Ethyl acetate extract, antioxidant, Diuretic, Urine volume

ABSTRACT

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of lungs and airways regardless of the development in disease treatment the number of affected individuals is increasing day by day all around the world. Though largely considered environmental, asthma is an interactive disease and is caused by interaction of both environmental and genetic factors. A number of genes are found to be associated with asthma but recently discovered ADAM33 is now considered candidate gene for asthma. Two ADAM33 genetic variants rs2787094 C/G and rs3918936 A/G were genotyped using PCR-RFLP in a case-control study design. The association of genotyped SNPs was statistically explored for asthma. Gender and age specific disease trends were also checked. Our results clearly showed a strong association between asthma susceptibility and ADAM33 rs2787094 C/G polymorphism while ADAM33 rs3918396 lacked significance in association. Both ADAM33 SNPs lacked age or gender based disease association. We report strong association of ADAM33 rs2787094 C/G polymorphism with asthma in local Pakistani population irrespective of age and gender. While a lack of disease association with ADAM33 rs3918396 SNP with our population is in accordance with other Asian populations.

Keywords: Genetic marker, Polymorphism, Inflammatory Disorder, Disease Association

ABSTRACT

In general, as a subclass of epilepsy, nocturnal epilepsy intensify one of the major problems of epilepsy as it is less likely witnessed than daytime epilepsy and therefore it is very difficult to diagnose and characterize and this results in sleep disruption which can cause daytime somnolence and concentration difficulty. So, the present research work was aimed to formulate a programmable pulsatile press coated tablets of levetiracetam inorder to achieve chronotherapy for nocturnal epilepsy. The core tablets containing levetiracetam were prepared by direct compression method and press coated with HPMC K100M and MCC. The prepared pulsatile tablets were evaluated for in-vitro release to get desirable pulsatile release of drug after a lag time of 2.5 h. Drug-excipients compatibility study by IR spectrophotometer showed that all the excipients were compatible with the drug. The stability study was carried out for the desired optimized formulation for a period of 3months and showed insignificant difference.

Keywords: Nocturnal epilepsy, Chronotherapy, Circadian Rhythm, Lag time, Levetiracetam.

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants are commonly used in treating or preventing specific ailments or diseases are considered to play a beneficial role in health care. Therefore, the study of plants as a resource of medicine has become more important in the present world for preventing the human beings from oxidative stress diseases and deaths. Objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of Syzygium caryophyllatum roots for its antioxidant activity. Using different in vitro models like DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay in a concentration dependent manner (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 mg/ml) and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the methanol root extract had high DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.33%) and ferric reducing capacity than the other extracts. But the results were less when compared to the standard used. The results of this research work indicate the utilization of the root extract of S. caryophyllatum as a significant source of natural antioxidants.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, Antioxidants, Syzygium caryophyllatum, DPPH, FRAP and ABTS.

ABSTRACT

Tissue engineering field is an interdisciplinary field that has endeavoured to utilize a variety of processing methods with synthetic and natural polymers for various applications like scaffold preparation, drug delivery, wound healing and nanoparticle preparation. Blending of Polymers is one of the most effective method for providing new, desirable biocomposites for tissue engineering applications. Polymer exhibits a variety of physical and chemical properties from the constituent polymer. In this project preparation of chitosan and polyethylene oxide nanofibrewas performed by the process of electrospinning method. Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained from shell of shellfish and it has novel properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial. Polyethylene oxide is a synthetic polymer which is also reported to be non toxic and highly degradable polymer. Blending ratio of these two polymers was varied to obtain uniform nanofibres. The blended polymer had been characterized by SEM, UTM and FTIR studies and their toxicity was studied by MTT assay and staining method.

Keywords:Nanofibres, Natural and Synthetic, Polymer, Tissue Engineering.

ABSTRACT

Prescription errors are most significant problems. The current study aims was to identify prescription writing errors; causes of prescription writing errors and make recommendation to improve the quality of prescriptions in Yemen. The current study consists of two phases. Phase 1: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Yemen during August 2012-September 2012. Prescriptions were analyzed for the essential elements to be included in the prescription order. Phase 2: A qualitative method used in this part, face-to-face interviews with six physicians was done. A semi-structured interview guide about the causes of prescription errors and recommendations to improve the quality of prescriptions was used during this phase. The data were descriptively analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® (SPSS) version 15 for Windows. A total of 1904 prescriptions were collected during the time of study. The results of this study shows that the majority of prescriptions considered as a poor quality prescriptions. Contact details of physicians, address of patients, weight of patients, dosage form, quantity of medications, duration of therapy, instructions of prescribed medications and spellings were the most common prescription writing errors. Many factors were identified during the study. Prescriptions errors were common in this study. Causes of prescription errors were identified in this study. Educational interventions should be implemented in Yemeni hospitals to improve the quality of prescriptions, reducing and preventing prescription errors.

Keyword: Prescriptions, Prescription errors and Yemen.

ABSTRACT

High prevalence of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Mental Health settings for children, and substantial impact on children, their parents life, and society has made ADHD a major public health concern. To analyze the cost effectiveness of medication (Atomoxetine), behavioral therapy, and combined treatment of Atomoxetine and behavioral therapy for treatment of ADHD in children from payer perspective with time horizon: 12 weeks. A prospective trial based economic evaluation conducted on children (6 to 12 years ), in psychiatric out patients clinic at Abasseya Mental Hospital (AMH), Cairo ,Egypt , and had a clinical diagnoses of ADHD as defined in the Diagnostic and statistical Manual fourth edition (DSM_IV). Were classified into three groups: medication only group, behavioral therapy group, and combined medication and behavioral therapy group . Each treatment had both a cost and an outcome associated with it. Cost effectiveness ratio comprising the average total cost per child per unit of outcome [three months-Quality Adjusted Life Years] "QALY" in each of the three groups. The combined therapy was associated with the highest cost effective ratio C/E Ratio of 7695.524 LE per QALY, medication therapy was 4381.927 LE per QALY, While C/E Ratio of behavioral therapy was 3337.339 LE per QALY. The sensitivity analyses: show that the utility values of all health states are crucial determinants of the cost-effectiveness results. Combined therapy associated with greatest health benefits and highest costs. Behavioral therapy was the least effective and cheapest option.

Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Abasseya Mental Hospital, Diagnostic and statistical Manual

ABSTRACT

The patient was with known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 with a headache and giddiness at the time of admission. We herein describe a case of the 14 years old patient with the plasma glucose level had given negative results to DM, as well as her laboratory tests also showed that she had poorly controlled DM and minor ear wax problem. Patients present with diabetic ketoacidosis after several days of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss. The patient was found underweight due to her low BMI and she had multiple admissions of diabetic ketoacidosis and DM. Her RBS was too high until out of normal range. Furthermore, the lab result showed the glucose was found presence in her urine test. The effective patient counselling was given to diabetes mellitus along with the insulin treatment and along with other relative drugs to increase the patient’s quality of life. Our case emphasizes that early recognition and appropriate patient counselling by the pharmacists may significantly overcome the symptoms and prevent complications of diabetes mellitus which may enhance the quality of life in patients at any age.

Keywords: Patient Counseling, Chronic complications, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia

ABSTRACT

In Siddha system of medicine, emotions and thoughts are considered to have a direct impact on a person's physical health. Because of the importance placed in the minds of Siddha system of medicine, many psychotropic drugs from this traditional system help often very specifically to treat the mental illness very effectively. One of such drug mentioned in Siddha system of medicine is Sadamanjil Chooranam (Nardostachys jatamansi DC).This plant used in Siddha system of medicinein the treatment of excitement, insomnia and depressive illness. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the anti-anxiety and anti-depressant potential of the aqueous extract of Sadamanjil Chooranam (SMCE)in Elevated plus maze model, Forced Swim testand Tail suspension testin the mice model. Two dose levels of trial drug SMCE (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight) were administered in mice. EPM result showed that the time spent of the mice after the administration of SMCE 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg showed the higher percentages of time in the open arms and the percentage of open arm entries which were statistically significant.TST and FST results showed significant decreases in the immobility period when compared with control group. The greater the immobility time observed with mice treated with higher dose of SMCE (200mg/kg) which showed the dose dependent activity of the trial drug. From the result, it is concluded that SMCE extract appeared to possess potent antianxiety and antidepressant effects and both the effects are apparently dose-dependent.

Keywords: Anti-anxiety, Anti-depressant, Elevated plus maze, Forced swim test, Tail suspension test, Sadamanjil Chooranam, Nardostachys jatamansi.